Perspective on the Homunculus, the History of Cerebral Localization, and Evolving Modes of Data Representation

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Christian Iorio-Morin ◽  
David Mathieu
Keyword(s):  
Data Representation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization

The history of neurosurgery

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Henry Marsh ◽  
Eleni Marts
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
Localization Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of Neurosurgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain

The history of neurosurgery falls naturally into the premodern era, where it is essentially the history of surgery to the skull and of head injuries, and the modern era, where it is the history of surgery to the brain itself, made possible by cerebral localization theory, antisepsis, and anaesthesia, all of which developed in the nineteenth century. The first known neurosurgical procedures were skull trephines, seemingly carried out on both the living and the dead. It is unclear whether these were performed for therapeutic or ritualistic reasons. There are many trepanned skulls dating back thousands of years to the Neolithic era, and perhaps to even earlier, from sites all over the world.

The History of Behavioral Neurology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Filley
Keyword(s):  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
Behavioral Neurology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
Lesion Method ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Systematic Thinking

Behavioral neurology is the neurologic subspecialty devoted to the study of brain-behavior relationships. Whereas systematic thinking about the brain as the organ of the mind began in antiquity, modern investigation began in the early 19th century as cerebral localization of function became securely appreciated. Clinical-pathological correlation using the lesion method yielded many important insights, and, in the mid-20th century, Norman Geschwind defined behavioral neurology as it exists today. The scope of the field soon expanded to include focal and diffuse disorders across the lifespan, and powerful neuroimaging technologies then led to increasingly sophisticated understanding of the representation of cognition and emotion in the brain. While the term behavioral neurology refers mainly to subspecialty neurologists working in North America and Britain, the interests of behavioral neurologists are virtually identical to those of neuropsychologists, neuropsychiatrists, and many others around the world attracted to the neurology of behavior.

Illustrating a revolution: an unrecognized contribution to the ‘golden era’ of cerebral localization

1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Millett
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Clinical Neurology ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Growth Of Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Cerebral Physiology ◽  
The Brain

The late 19th century witnessed a remarkable growth of knowledge concerning the functions of the brain. The excitability of the cerebral cortex was first reported by Gustav Fritsch (1838–1927) and Eduard Hitzig (1838–1907) in 1870, followed by the classical investigation of cerebral localization by David Ferrier (1843–1928). Ferrier's identification of cerebral motor 'centres' based on a series of cortical stimulations and ablations was central to the physiological and clinical achievements of cerebral localization in the late 19th century. Cerebral illustrations were an important component of Ferrier's physiological research, synthesizing a great deal of experimental data and suggesting precise locations and boundaries of sensory and motor areas. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the construction of cerebral maps and their role in establishing the utility and veracity of the doctrine of cerebral localization. Two illustrations of the macaque brain based on Ferrier's experimental work were particularly influential. These and other important illustrations accompanied Ferrier's manuscript, 'The localisation of functions in the brain', submitted to the Royal Society in early 1874, but were not produced by Ferrier himself. Rather, they were sketched by E. A. Waterlow (1850–1919), a young painter and acquaintance of Ferrier's who—undoubtedly under Ferrier's guidance—synthesized the experimental data of more than a dozen experiments in these diagrams. Unfortunately, during the contentious review, abstraction and fragmentation of Ferrier's manuscript, Waterlow's monogrammed insignia was omitted from reproductions of his sketches and Ferrier's acknowledgement to him was not published in subsequent works. While circumstantial evidence suggests that Waterlow may have requested that these identifiers be withheld, and while Waterlow has never been recognized for his illustrations of cerebral localization, both the artist and his sketches soon achieved prominence. Waterlow's diagrams were reproduced in Ferrier's widely influential monograph, The Functions of the Brain (1876), where the cerebral centres of Waterlow's macaque brain were directly transposed onto Ecker's diagram of the human brain. These diagrams were reprinted during the late 1870s and 1880s in many textbooks and reviews of cerebral physiology, and provided an important guide to the localization of brain lesions during the early years of neurosurgery. This paper recounts Waterlow's contribution to the history of clinical neurology and physiology, and his independent success as a landscape painter.

scholarly journals The history of neurosurgery and its relation to the development and refinement of the frontotemporal craniotomy

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. E12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ryan Ormond ◽  
Costas G. Hadjipanayis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of Neurosurgery ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Great Odds ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

The history of neurosurgery is filled with descriptions of brave surgeons performing surgery against great odds in an attempt to improve outcomes in their patients. In the distant past, most neurosurgical procedures were limited to trephination, and this was sometimes performed for unclear reasons. Beginning in the Renaissance and accelerating through the middle and late 19th century, a greater understanding of cerebral localization, antisepsis, anesthesia, and hemostasis led to an era of great expansion in neurosurgical approaches and techniques. During this process, frontotemporal approaches were also developed and refined over time. Progress often depended on the technical advances of scientists coupled with the innovative ideas and courage of pioneering surgeons. A better understanding of this history provides insight into where we originated as a specialty and in what directions we may go in the future. This review considers the historical events enabling the development of neurosurgery as a specialty, and how this relates to the development of frontotemporal approaches.

A History of the Doctrine of Cerebral Localization

1951 ◽  
Vol VI (Autumn) ◽  
pp. 439-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
WALTHER RIESE ◽  
EBBE C. HOFF
Keyword(s):  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization

scholarly journals An ancestor of the stereotactic atlases: the Tabulae Anatomicae of Bartolomeo Eustachio

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. E11
Author(s):  
Alessandro Dario ◽  
Giuseppe Ottavio Armocida ◽  
Davide Locatelli
Keyword(s):  
Reference Systems ◽  
Reference Table ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization

The authors report the history of the Tabulae Anatomicae of Bartolomeo Eustachio (ca. 1510–1574). In the tables, the anatomical illustrations were drawn inside a numerical frame, with pairs of numbers on the y- and x-axes to identify single anatomical details in the reference table. The measures and the references could be calculated using the graduated margins divided by 5 units for each the x-axis and y-axis. The Tabulae Anatomicae can be considered a precursor to modern anatomical reference systems that are the basis of studies on cerebral localization mainly used for stereotactic procedures.

scholarly journals Figurative Language on Maya Angelou selected Poetries

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Risma Hayani
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Maya Angelou ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Main Instrument ◽  
The One

<p class="NewStyle17">This study aimed to find out the kinds of figurative language in the five selected poetries of Maya Angelou, the titles are: <em>Alone, Caged Bird, Old Folks Laugh, Phenomenal Woman, Still I Rise. </em>The focus of this study is figurative language which involves: Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, Simile, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Irony, Antithesis, Symbolism, and Paradox. Qualitative approach with design of content analysis was used in this study. The researcher acted as the main instrument since she was the one who analyzed the figurative language. Moreover checklist was also used to support her data collection. The data was analyzed through three stages; 1). Data reduction, 2). Data representation, 3). Conclusion. The result of her study showed there were 40 sentences that containing figurative language in five selected poetries of Maya Angelou. They were; Metaphor (13 sentences), Personification (9 sentences), Hyperbole (1 sentence), Simile (8 sentences), Synecdoche (1 sentence), Antithesis (1 sentence), Symbolism (5 sentences), and Paradox (2 sentences). The researcher conclude, if the figurative language used by Angelou to compare, or even symbolize the sentences to bring the meaning come up with beautiful language. Mostly of her poetries told about her experience in the past that rooted to history of the discrimination of American-African.</p><p align="justify"><strong><br /></strong></p>

scholarly journals Complexity theory and the historical study of religion

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (36) ◽  
pp. 167-196
Author(s):  
Thales Silva
Keyword(s):  
Data Representation ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Combining Methods

This article advocates for a set of recent transdisciplinary options for the History of Religion, combining methods from the Natural and Human Sciences, through a special focus on the study of so-called “complex systems”. We elucidate their theoretical bases and limitations while assuming a pragmatic positioning between a defense of the historical-scientific study of religion and the promotion of groundbreaking methodological outlooks emerging from the Digital Humanities. From this background, throughout the text, we argue for a complementation of historiographical “close reading” with both “distant reading” techniques and interdisciplinary research, using computer-based methods and a diversity of formal modeling techniques. In short, we conclude that such methods offer novel ways for data representation and are best understood not only as creative schemes for solving issues in historiography, but also as a springboard for new inquiries arising from the transdisciplinarity between the Humanities and the Natural Sciences.

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