STUDY OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CYTOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF NON-NEOPLASTIC AND NEOPLASTIC BREAST LESION

Background: Study of correlation between the cytology and histopathological ndings of nonneoplastic and neoplastic breast lesion. Method : The present prospective observational study was conducated in jlnmc for a period of 6 months from 15th April to 14th Sept. we had studied 100 cases and specimens were received in histopathological section of our department.Gross examination of speciemens did followed by xation ,proper sampling and tissue processing. Result: Total 100 cases were studied of which 38 cases were nonneoplastic, 36 cases were benign neoplastic lesion,5 cases borderline and 21 cases were malignant.Over all broadenoma was most common benign lesion with 18 cases. Invasive ductal carcinoma nos were most common malignant lesion followed by lobular carcinoma.malignant phylloid was the most common nonepithelial malignancy. Conclusion: Histology remains gold standard for diagnosis of breast lesion

Functional anomaly mapping reveals local and distant dysfunction caused by brain lesions

SummaryThe lesion method has been a cornerstone in the endeavor to understand brain-behavior relationships in humans, but has relied on the flawed assumption that anatomically abnormal tissue functions abnormally and anatomically normal tissue functions normally. To address this longstanding problem, we introduce an approach to directly map the degree of functional anomaly throughout the brain in individual patients. These functional anomaly maps identify anatomical lesions and are stable across measurements. Moreover, the maps identify functionally anomalous regions in anatomically normal tissue, providing a direct measure of remote effects of lesions such as diaschisis. Lesion-behavior mapping using these maps replicates classic behavioral localization and identifies relationships between tissue function and behavior distant from the anatomical lesions. This method provides brain-wide maps of the functional effects of focal lesions, which could have wide implications for one of the most important methods in neuroscience.

The History of Behavioral Neurology

Behavioral neurology is the neurologic subspecialty devoted to the study of brain-behavior relationships. Whereas systematic thinking about the brain as the organ of the mind began in antiquity, modern investigation began in the early 19th century as cerebral localization of function became securely appreciated. Clinical-pathological correlation using the lesion method yielded many important insights, and, in the mid-20th century, Norman Geschwind defined behavioral neurology as it exists today. The scope of the field soon expanded to include focal and diffuse disorders across the lifespan, and powerful neuroimaging technologies then led to increasingly sophisticated understanding of the representation of cognition and emotion in the brain. While the term behavioral neurology refers mainly to subspecialty neurologists working in North America and Britain, the interests of behavioral neurologists are virtually identical to those of neuropsychologists, neuropsychiatrists, and many others around the world attracted to the neurology of behavior.

ADL Differences in Individuals with Unilateral Hemispheric Stroke

Background. Literature regarding the ability of individuals who have a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) to perform activities of daily living (ADL) is inconclusive regarding the impact of gender, age or side of the lesion. Purpose. To determine if people with a CVA differ in their abilities to perform ADL tasks and actions as affected by their gender, age, and side of the lesion. Method. A descriptive comparison of 3878 people with a right or left CVA included in the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) database. Results. People with stroke demonstrated statistically significant gender, age, and side of CVA differences in overall ADL ability. However, the gender and side of CVA differences were not clinically detectable. Increased age was associated with a gradual decline in ADL ability. Conclusion. Individuals with a right or left CVA have similar abilities when performing ADL tasks and actions. Practice Implications. These findings indicate that occupation-based intervention, which focuses on the utilization of intact ADL skills to compensate for ADL skill deficits (vs. the utilization of tests of body function), may be a more efficient and effective means of planning and implementing occupational therapy intervention for individuals with a stroke.

Plasticity in the Distribution of the Red Nucleus Output to Forearm Muscles After Unilateral Lesions of the Pyramidal Tract

It has been hypothesized that the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) contributes to compensation for motor impairments associated with lesions of the pyramidal tract. To test this hypothesis, we used stimulus triggered averaging (StTA) of electromyographic (EMG) activity to characterize changes in motor output from the red nucleus after lesions of the pyramidal tract. Three monkeys were trained to perform a reach and prehension task. EMG activity was recorded from 11 forearm muscles including one elbow, five wrist, and five digit muscles. Microstimulation (20 μA at 20 Hz) was delivered throughout the movement task to compute StTAs. Two monkeys served as controls. In a third monkey, 65% of the left pyramidal tract had been destroyed by an electrolytic lesion method five years before recording. The results demonstrate a clear pattern of postlesion reorganization in red nucleus–mediated output effects on forearm muscles. The normally prominent extensor preference in excitatory output from the RNm (92% in extensors) was greatly diminished in the lesioned monkey (59%). Similarly, suppression effects, which are normally much more prominent in flexor than in extensor muscles (90% in flexors), were also more evenly distributed after recovery from pyramidal tract lesions. Because of the limited excitatory output from the RNm to flexor muscles that normally exists, loss of corticospinal output would leave control of flexors particularly weak. The changes in RNm organization reported in this study would help restore function to flexor muscles. These results support the hypothesis that the RNm is capable of reorganization that contributes to the recovery of forelimb motor function after pyramidal tract lesions.