Disentangling hominin and carnivore activities near a spring at FLK North (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Domínguez-Rodrigo ◽  
A.Z.P. Mabulla ◽  
H.T. Bunn ◽  
F. Diez-Martin ◽  
E. Baquedano ◽  
...  

AbstractFLK North is one of the densest concentrations of fossils found in Olduvai Gorge. A recent taphonomic re-evaluation of the collection excavated by Leakey at the site suggests that it was a palimpsest in which most of the animals were accumulated and modified by carnivores. The lithic tools therefore seem to have an independent depositional history from most of the fauna. The present study, based on new excavations, expands the evidence supporting this interpretation and demonstrates a thicker deposit than was reported by Leakey, including new archaeological levels. It also shows that in the few instances where hominins butchered carcasses, meat, not marrow, was their main target. This argues against passive scavenging hypotheses, which emphasize the dietary role of marrow, and instead underscores the importance of meat in the diet of early Pleistocene hominins.

2015 ◽  
Vol 3846 (3846) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg F. Gunnell ◽  
Percy M. Butler ◽  
Marjorie Greenwood ◽  
Nancy B. Simmons

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 24771-24777
Author(s):  
Maartje Oostdijk ◽  
Conor Byrne ◽  
Gunnar Stefánsson ◽  
Maria J. Santos ◽  
Pamela J. Woods

Fishers with individual catch quota, but limited control over the mix of species caught, depend on trade and catch–quota balancing allowances to fully utilize their quota without discarding. However, these allowances can theoretically lead to overfishing if total allowable catches (TACs) are consistently exceeded. This study investigates usage of balancing allowances by the Icelandic demersal fleet over 2001–2017, for over 1,900 vessels. When a vessel’s demersal catch exceeds owned and leased quota for a given species, the gap can be bridged by borrowing quota from the subsequent fishing period or transforming unutilized quota in other species, restricted by limits. Conversely, excess quota can be saved or transformed into quota for species where there is a shortfall. We found evidence that balancing behavior is frequently similar across the fleet. Transformations are consistent with indicators of a general quota shortage and potential for arbitrage caused by differences in conversion ratios used for transformation and lease prices. Larger companies contribute more to these patterns. Nevertheless, TAC overages are generally modest especially in recent years—key reasons appear to be the tightening of vessel transformation limits and the central role of Atlantic cod, which is the main target species but cannot be persistently overfished due to a specific prohibition on positive transformations into the species. These results show how the tailored design of the Icelandic catch–quota balancing system has helped in balancing economic and ecological goals of management. We suggest policy changes that could further reduce ecological risks, e.g., prioritizing between-year transfers over transformations.


Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Díaz-Acha ◽  
Marc Campeny ◽  
Esperança Tauler ◽  
Josep Bosch ◽  
Joan Carles Melgarejo ◽  
...  

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide.


Crustaceana ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 945-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravil Kamaltynov ◽  
Risto Vainola

AbstractThe amphipod diversity in the Siberian Lake Baikal is unique, with some 260 endemic species and 80 additional subspecies recognized so far. Three general patterns of differentiation in molecular data, however, suggest that this is still a gross underestimate of the actual number of species. Firstly, allozyme analyses regularly indicate a species-level distinction for taxa previously treated as subspecies (here corroborated for Micruropus talitroides / eurypus, M. wahlii / platycercus and Eulimnogammarus verrucosus / oligacanthus). Secondly, so far unrecognized (sibling) species are detected even sympatrically (e.g., in both the Micruropus complexes above). Thirdly, 'conspecific' samples from different parts of the lake, of several Pallasea spp., regularly show diagnostic allozyme differences suggesting presence of vicariant sibling species in the main geological subdivisions of the basin. Extrapolating the observations to the whole of the Baikalian amphipod fauna, a reasonable projection for the total number may be close to a thousand species. Molecular data suggest that the conventional Baikalian lineages are remarkably old, whereas the vicariant new taxa may have arisen recently in the (early) Pleistocene. These dual levels of diversity are paradoxical in view of the lake's history and the forces supposed to underlie the diversification and speciation processes. The well defined and specialized forms originated in times when the climate and environments were grossly different from the present: not as a response to the present kind of environments. On the other hand, the divergence that has arisen within the time frame of the environmentally modern Lake Baikal (a single basin and cool climate, < 2-3 Myr) appears to be related to geography rather than to adaptive features of morphology and ecology. The patterns prompt a reconsideration of the role of geographical isolation in recent speciation within Lake Baikal. La diversite des amphipodes du lac Baikal est unique, avec quelque 260 especes endemiques et 80 sous-especes supplementaires reconnues jusqu'a present. Cependant, trois schemas generaux de differenciation provenant des donnees moleculaires, suggerent que ceci est encore une sousestimation flagrante du nombre des especes actuelles. Premierement, les analyses d'alloenzymes indiquent regulierement une separation de niveau specifique pour des taxa auparavant traites comme des sous-especes (ici confirme pour Micruropus talitroides eurypus, M. wahlii platycercus et Eulimnogammarus verrucosus oligacanthus). Deuxiemement, des especes (jumelles) non reconnues jusqu'ici sont detectees meme sympatriquement (par exemple, dans les deux complexes de Micruropus ci-dessus). Troisiemement, des echantillons ''conspecifiques'' de differentes regions du lac, de plusieurs Pallasea spp., montrent regulierement des differences diagnostiques d'alloenzymes suggerant la presence d'especes jumelles vicariantes dans les principales subdivisions g eologiques du bassin. En extrapolant les observations a l'ensemble de la faune d'amphipodes du Baikal, une projection raisonnable du nombre total peut etre proche d'un millier d'especes. Les donnees moleculaires suggerent que les lignees ''baikaliennes'' conventionnelles sont remarquablement anciennes, tandis que les nouveaux taxa vicariants peuvent avoir apparu recemment au Pleistocene. Ces niveaux de diversite doubles sont paradoxaux par rapport a l'histoire du lac et aux forces supposees sous-tendre les processus de diversification et de sp eciation. Les formes bien definies et specialisees sont apparues en des temps ou le climat et les environnements etaient tres differents de ceux du present: non comme une reponse au type actuel d'environnement. D'autre part, la divergence survenue au cours de la periode environnementale moderne du lac Baikal (un bassin unique et un climat frais, < 2-3 millions d'annees) semble en relation avec la geographie plutot qu'a des caracteres adaptatifs de morphologie et d'ecologie. Les modeles incitent a reconsideration du role de l'isolement geographique dans la speciation recente dans le lac Baikal.


2004 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S.M. Jansen ◽  
J. Huizer ◽  
J.W.A. Dijkmans ◽  
C. Mesdag ◽  
J.E. van Hinte

AbstractThe geometry and depositional history of the Maassluis Formation is described from an East-West oriented transect located in the west-central Netherlands and P- and Q-blocks in the Dutch offshore area. The Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Maassluis Formation was deposited under near coastal marine conditions. Two distinct facies are distinguished: (1) medium grained sands with a blocky GR/SP-log pattern that were deposited under intertidal and aeolian conditions and (2) medium to coarse grained sands deposited in a subtidal environment showing a clear coarsening upward trend. The lower part of the Maassluis Formation is laterally equivalent to the shallow marine Oosterhout Formation and gets progressively younger towards the West. The upper part is lateral equivalent to estuarine and mudflat deposits (Balk Member, c.q. Peize Formation) in the central part of The Netherlands and to river deposits (Peize Formation) further to the East.


2013 ◽  
Vol 184 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Lardeaux ◽  
Philippe Münch ◽  
Michel Corsini ◽  
Jean-Jacques Cornée ◽  
Chrystèle Verati ◽  
...  

Abstract In this paper we present and discuss new investigations performed on both the magmatic basement and the sedimentary formations of La Désirade. We report structural and sedimentary evidences for several episodes of deformation and displacement occurring prior to the present day tectonics. The main faults, respectively N130 ± 10°, N040 ± 10° and N090 ± 10°, previously considered as marker of the current tectonic regime corresponds to reactivated tectonic structures developed first during late Cretaceous compression and second during Pliocene to early Pleistocene extension. We demonstrate also the importance of late Pliocene-early Pleistocene and middle-late Pleistocene vertical movements in this part of the Lesser Antilles fore-arc as well as the role of compressive tectonics in the over thickened character of the arc basement in the Guadeloupe archipelago.


1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 932-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Brooks ◽  
P. Theyer

The supracrustal metasediments of the Thompson belt (Pipe and Thompson Groups) show pronounced differences in Rb/Sr age (1855–1685 and 1665–1575 Ma, respectively) and initial Sr ratio (0.7096–0.7166 and 0.7203–0.7233). However, they have similar Rb/Sr ratios (0.8–1.2), and the age and isotopic differences are attributed to differing degrees of postdepositional, metamorphic reworking. The Sr-growth trajectories of these metasediments define a broad band on the evolution diagram and indicate a probable (maximum?) age of deposition of ca. 2.0 ± 0.1 Ga. Furthermore, the role of Archean detritus in the depositional history of these sediments is quite limited, based on isotopic data for the basement gneisses and adjoining granulites of the Pikwitonei region.Comparison of these data with those for metagraywackes of the adjacent Kisseynew gneisses (average [Formula: see text]) indicates that there were fundamental differences between the marine environments within which the two Aphebian sedimentary sequences were deposited. The high Rb/Sr in the Thompson belt metasediments is interpreted to reflect a relatively "long" equilibration of authigenic clays with circulating seawater (open ocean?) whereas the lower Rb/Sr of the Kisseynew metasediments reflects rapid sedimentation in an eugeosynclinal environment dominated by juvenile Aphebian material.Combined K/Ar and Rb/Sr ages suggest that the metamorphic reworking of the Thompson belt metasediments had three phases, an early period of folding ([Formula: see text]), followed by cross-folding and amphibolite facies metamorphism corresponding to the main pulse of the Hudsonian Orogeny ([Formula: see text]), and finally, late-stage shearing, faulting, and retrograde metamorphism (1625–1550 Ma). Mafic to ultramafic magmatism and associated nickel mineralization are confined to the interval between the deposition of the Thompson belt supracrustals and the first phase of Hudsonian deformation (i.e., ca. 2.1–1.8 Ga).


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