Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 3, Smoking behavior and plasma nicotine pharmacokinetics

C-547/14 Philip Morris Brands SARL and Others v Secretary of State for Health [2016] (not yet reported)C-477/14 Pillbox 38 (UK) Ltd v Secretary of State for Health [2016] (not yet reported)C-358/14 Poland v. Parliament and Council [2016] (not yet reported)Article 114 TFEU provides an adequate legal basis for the adoption of the Tobacco Products Directive 2014 in full, including measures relating to flavoured tobacco, labelling and packaging, and electronic cigarettes. These measures also comply with the principles of proportionality, subsidiarity, legal certainty, equal treatment and free competition, and the rights of companies under the EU Charter. Member States may introduce further requirements in relation to packaging of tobacco products that are not harmonised by the Directive.

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Socioeconomic Disparities in Smoking Behavior and Early Smoking Initiation Among Men in Malawi

Tobacco Use Insights ◽

10.1177/1179173x17726297 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 1179173X1772629 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sanni Yaya ◽

Ghose Bishwajit ◽

Vaibhav Shah ◽

Michael Ekholuenetale

Keyword(s):

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Early Onset ◽

Formal Education ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Well Being ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Socioeconomic Disparities ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Lower Odds

Background: Tobacco smoking is a growing concern for health care systems as it is projected to become the leading cause of death in the developing world. Knowledge of how smoking behavior differs across socioeconomic groups is crucial for designing effective preventive policies and alleviating the disparities. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of (1) smoking status, (2) early smoking initiation, and (3) association with socioeconomic status (SES) of the 2 among Malawian men. Methods: Cross-sectional data on 1693 men aged between 15 and 49 years were collected from the latest 2013-2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Malawi. Educational qualification and wealth index quintile were used as the indicators of SES. Outcome variables were smoking status, first age of smoking being below 18 years, and ever using any form of smokeless tobacco products. Multiple logistic regression models were used to see the contribution of SES to smoking status and early smoking initiation. Results: Mean age of the sample population was 33.23 years (SD: 8.25). Prevalence of smoking, early initiation, and ever using any form of smokeless tobacco were, respectively, 46.6%, 33.7%, and 6%. Compared with men who had higher education, those who had no formal education, primary-level, and secondary-level qualification had, respectively, 21% (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.209; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.498-2.935), 40% (AOR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.647-3.029), and 26% (AOR = 1.256; 95% CI = 0.593-2.661) higher odds of being a smoker. Those who had no formal education were 2.7 times (AOR = 2.734; 95% CI = 1.123-6.653) as likely to try smoking before reaching 18 years of age. Compared with the richest, those in the lowest wealth quintile had 32% lower odds (AOR = 0.676; 95% CI = 0.455-1.006) of early onset of smoking, 63% lower odds (AOR = 0.372; 95% CI = 0.201-0.690) of trying other tobacco products. Conclusions: Addressing the socioeconomic disparities could play a vital role in delaying early onset and limiting overall consumption of tobacco. Ongoing health policy talks to reduce the prevalence of smoking should take into consideration improving educational and material well-being among men.

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LEGAL REGULATION OF TOBACCO AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

EU agrarian Law ◽

10.2478/eual-2013-0006 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 44-53

Author(s):

Barbara Pavlíková

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

The European Union ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Excise Duty ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

Regulatory Instruments ◽

The Eu

Abstract The contribution deals with the Slovak and the EU legal regulation of tobacco and tobacco products. Its primary purpose is to point out the Slovak and European legal acts which constitute the main regulatory instruments in this field using the method of analysis and synthesis. Rules of production, distribution and conditions of use of tobacco and products thereof are in the Slovak Republic contained mainly in two acts - the Act No 335/2011 Coll. on Tobacco Products and the Act No 377/2004 Coll. on the Protection of Non-smokers, as well as in special Decree No 212/2012 Coll., regulating tobacco products. Regulation of excise duty on tobacco products can be found in the Act with the same name - Act No 106/2004 Coll.. Another objective of the paper is also to draw attention to the amendment of Act on Protection of Non-smokers which entered into force on 1 July 2013. The European Union struggles with the negative consequences of smoking at the supranacional level and its institutions - the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU - are already for several years adopting legal acts to facilitate uniformity and easier interpretation of European law also in the field of legal regulation of tobacco and tobacco products. The predominant part of the existing legislation deals with the approximation of laws in areas that are closely related to the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products, but also to the collection of taxes from these products.

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Influence of American Tobacco Imports on Smoking Rates among Women and Youth in Asia

International Quarterly of Community Health Education ◽

10.2190/hp43-apjg-xe5n-fd8y ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 345-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alvin E. Winder ◽

Ted T. L. Chen ◽

William C. Mfuko

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Good Measure ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations ◽

Sizeable Increase ◽

Comparison Data

This study addresses the question: has the opening of their markets to American tobacco products in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan led to an increase in smoking behavior among women and youth? The data on smoking rates for women and youth is presented. This data was obtained for each country before markets were opened to the importation of American tobacco products through the agency of non-governmental organizations in these countries. Comparison data was obtained from similar Asian countries whose markets were not opened. The data from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan show a sizeable increase in smoking rates for women and youth. The authors believe, based upon anecdotal data, that importation of tobacco products combined with aggressive marketing and advertising by American firms is, in a good measure, responsible for the reported increase.

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Selected aspects of taxation of cigarettes in the EU member states

Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) ◽

10.17221/2506-agricecon ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 40-50

Author(s):

P. David

Keyword(s):

Health Risks ◽

Specific Rate ◽

Agricultural Policies ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Member States ◽

Direct Taxation ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Excise Duty ◽

National Market ◽

The Eu

The level and structure of cigarettes taxation are considered to be very discussed field in these days by the effect of preference trends of taxation of consumption at the expense of direct taxation, stressing the health risks of consumers of tobacco products, externalities caused by this consumption and by the effect of existence of distortions in the market with the tobacco products in the EU states. It is possible to achieve various aims in the field of fiscal and agricultural policies of state, consumption of cigarettes, protection of national market and in the other field by the regulation of excise duty imposed on cigarettes in the EU states. The question is, in frame of excise duty imposed on cigarettes in the EU member state, whether this tax should be imposed through specific rate, ad valorem rate, or by their combination. The choice between these options depends on the laid down aims of tax policy in each EU member states.

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The EU Tobacco Products Directive must not be derailed

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61774-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 380 (9852) ◽

pp. 1447-1448 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin McKee ◽

Paul Belcher ◽

Monika Kosinska

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Products ◽

The Eu

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Establishing a reference group of tobacco products representative of the EU market to support the decision on whether a tobacco product has a characterising flavour: Findings from the EUREST-FLAVOURS project

Tobacco Prevention & Cessation ◽

10.18332/tpc/105193 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement) ◽

Author(s):

Christina Kyriakos ◽

Alexander Vardavas ◽

Manolis Tzatzarakis ◽

Charis Girvalaki ◽

Aristidis Tsatsakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Group ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

The Eu

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Analysis of Menthol, Menthol-Like, and Other Tobacco Flavoring Compounds in Cigarettes and in Electrically Heated Tobacco Products

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2018-0010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 93-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lea Reger ◽

Julia Moß ◽

Harald Hahn ◽

Jürgen Hahn

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

The United States ◽

Social Recognition ◽

German Market ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Cooling Agent ◽

Menthol Cigarettes ◽

Huge Variety ◽

The Eu

SummaryAlthough smoking is responsible for a huge variety of diseases which result in ~16% of the fatalities in the United States and Europe respectively, cigarettes are still being sold far and wide. Mentholated cigarettes were introduced in 1920, since then to today social recognition and the use of flavored tobacco products is still increasing especially within young people. The EU adopted as its measure to reduce tobacco use among adolescents the prohibition of tobacco products with a characteristic flavor by means of the directive 2014/40/EU of the European Parliament and the Council.For this reason, we developed a method for the simultaneous determination of 14 tobacco flavors like menthol, menthol-like and other compounds via gas-chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) and analyzed 21 different tobacco products (mentholated and non-mentholated cigarettes, as well as electrically heated tobacco products (EHTPs)) of the German market regarding their flavoring compound patterns. The highest amounts of flavoring compounds were determined in menthol cigarettes (~10,000 μg/stick) whereas non-mentholated cigarettes and EHTPs featured only ~10 μg/stick. In total, seven flavoring compounds like menthol, L-menthone, L-linalool, isopulegol, geraniol, camphor and WS-3 (cooling agent) were available within the samples. Mentholated cigarettes could be clearly identified since > 99% of the measured flavoring compounds was represented by menthol. Although flavoring compounds in non-mentholated cigarettes and EHTPs were quite comparable, they could be differentiated due to different flavoring compound patterns. Brandspecific flavoring compound patterns were not recognized.

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Tobacco Imagery in The 20 Best Selling Video Games of 2018

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa233 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Susan R Forsyth ◽

Patricia A McDaniel

Keyword(s):

Video Games ◽

Small Body ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Game Play ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Tobacco Marketing ◽

Cigarette Brand ◽

The Us ◽

Settlement Agreement ◽

Youth And Young Adults

Abstract Introduction Video games are played by the majority of American adolescents. A small body of research has shown that video games expose users to tobacco imagery, potentially influencing subsequent smoking behavior. We examine the presence, type, and quantity of tobacco imagery in recent popular video games. Methods After identifying 2018’s 20 best-selling US video games and selecting for each a YouTube video of all cut scenes and bridging game play, we coded each video for the presence of five types of tobacco imagery. We also recorded the length of time tobacco content was visible during the video. Results Seven of the top 20 video games contained tobacco imagery, which comprised between 7 seconds and 38 minutes of game play. All types of tobacco imagery were accounted for: visible tobacco paraphernalia, tobacco products used to further game play, background characters using tobacco products, and main characters (playable and nonplayble) using tobacco products. Visible tobacco paraphernalia was the most common type of tobacco imagery, and included both real and fictionalized tobacco brands that sometimes drew on real cigarette brand imagery. Three games allowed players to control tobacco-using characters. Conclusion s: Popular video games continue to expose players to tobacco imagery. Because video games are played repeatedly, the potential exists for adolescents to experience even more tobacco imagery than the baseline exposure established here, further increasing the potential for harm. Existing voluntary and regulatory approaches to policing tobacco content are inadequate; thus, policymakers should consider further interventions to minimize tobacco content in video games. Implications Video games, popular among youth and young adults, are known to contain tobacco imagery. Less is known about the quantity and type of this imagery among recent popular games. We found that seven of the 20 best-selling video games of 2018 in the US contained a variety of tobacco imagery and exposed players to as much as 38 minutes of tobacco content. Given the established link between exposure to tobacco marketing in media such as films and subsequent smoking behavior, policies to minimize tobacco imagery in video games that exceed the scant protections offered by the Master Settlement Agreement could help reduce smoking prevalence among youth.

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