scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in Smoking Behavior and Early Smoking Initiation Among Men in Malawi

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1179173X1772629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanni Yaya ◽  
Ghose Bishwajit ◽  
Vaibhav Shah ◽  
Michael Ekholuenetale
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Lower Odds

Background: Tobacco smoking is a growing concern for health care systems as it is projected to become the leading cause of death in the developing world. Knowledge of how smoking behavior differs across socioeconomic groups is crucial for designing effective preventive policies and alleviating the disparities. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of (1) smoking status, (2) early smoking initiation, and (3) association with socioeconomic status (SES) of the 2 among Malawian men. Methods: Cross-sectional data on 1693 men aged between 15 and 49 years were collected from the latest 2013-2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Malawi. Educational qualification and wealth index quintile were used as the indicators of SES. Outcome variables were smoking status, first age of smoking being below 18 years, and ever using any form of smokeless tobacco products. Multiple logistic regression models were used to see the contribution of SES to smoking status and early smoking initiation. Results: Mean age of the sample population was 33.23 years (SD: 8.25). Prevalence of smoking, early initiation, and ever using any form of smokeless tobacco were, respectively, 46.6%, 33.7%, and 6%. Compared with men who had higher education, those who had no formal education, primary-level, and secondary-level qualification had, respectively, 21% (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.209; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.498-2.935), 40% (AOR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.647-3.029), and 26% (AOR = 1.256; 95% CI = 0.593-2.661) higher odds of being a smoker. Those who had no formal education were 2.7 times (AOR = 2.734; 95% CI = 1.123-6.653) as likely to try smoking before reaching 18 years of age. Compared with the richest, those in the lowest wealth quintile had 32% lower odds (AOR = 0.676; 95% CI = 0.455-1.006) of early onset of smoking, 63% lower odds (AOR = 0.372; 95% CI = 0.201-0.690) of trying other tobacco products. Conclusions: Addressing the socioeconomic disparities could play a vital role in delaying early onset and limiting overall consumption of tobacco. Ongoing health policy talks to reduce the prevalence of smoking should take into consideration improving educational and material well-being among men.

scholarly journals The Recalled Age of Initiation of Multiple Tobacco Products among 26–34 Year Olds: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 9000
Author(s):  
Adriana Pérez ◽  
Elena Penedo ◽  
Meagan A. Bluestein ◽  
Baojiang Chen ◽  
Cheryl L. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Replication Method ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the recalled age of initiation of seven different tobacco products (TPs) and explored potential influences of sex, race/ethnicity, and cigarette-smoking status on tobacco use initiation among adults 26–34 years old using the PATH study. Methods: Secondary analyses were conducted in the adult restricted PATH wave 1 (2013–2014) dataset. Weighted statistics are reported using the balanced repeated replication method and Fay’s correction to account for PATH’s complex study design. Distributions and histograms of the recalled age of initiation of seven different TPs (cigarettes, cigarillos, traditional cigars, filtered cigars, hookah, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes) are reported, as well as the impact of sex and race/ethnicity using Cox proportional hazard models. The impact of cigarette-smoking status on the recalled age of initiation of each tobacco product other than cigarettes was explored. Results: The highest modes of the recalled age of initiation of cigarette use were at 14–15 and 15–16 years old. The distributions of the recalled age of initiation of cigarillos, traditional cigars, filtered cigars, hookah, and smokeless tobacco occurred later, with the highest modes at 15–16 and 17–18 years old. The distribution of the recalled age of initiation of e-cigarettes had a different shape than the other TPs, with the highest mode reported at 27–28 years old. Conclusion: Due to the ever-changing tobacco marketplace, understanding when contemporary adults aged 26–34 years recall initiating TP use is important and will inform prevention researchers.

scholarly journals Smoking in Young Adults: A Study of 4-Year Smoking Behavior Patterns and Residential Presence of Features Facilitating Smoking Using Data From the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1997-2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian E Ghenadenik ◽  
Lise Gauvin ◽  
Katherine L Frohlich
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

Abstract Introduction Young adults have the highest prevalence of smoking among all age groups in most industrialized countries and exhibit great variability in smoking behavior. Differences in associations between features in residential environments and smoking initiation, prevalence, and cessation have been extensively examined in the literature. Nonetheless, in many cases, findings remain inconsistent. This paper proposes that a potential driver of these inconsistencies is an almost exclusive focus on point-specific smoking outcomes, without consideration for the different behavior patterns that this age group may experience over time. Aims and Methods Based on data from the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking cohort of 18- to 25-year-old Montreal residents (n = 1025), we examined associations between 4-year smoking patterns measured at three timepoints and proximal presence/density of tobacco retail outlets and presence of smoker accommodation facilities in Montreal, Canada. Associations were tested using two-level multinomial and logistic models. Results In fully adjusted models, compared to never-smokers, residents of areas with a higher density of tobacco retail were more likely to (1) be characterized as established smokers, (2) have experienced repeated changes in smoking status (being “switchers”) during the 4-year study period, and (3) be former smokers. Conclusions From a conceptual standpoint, these findings highlight the importance of acknowledging and examining smoking behavior patterns among young adults. Furthermore, specific pattern–feature associations may point to unique mechanisms by which features could influence smoking behavior patterns. These findings require replication and extension, including testing hypotheses regarding tobacco retail density’s role in sustaining smoking and in influencing changes in smoking status. Implications Results from this study highlight the importance of describing and examining different young adult smoking behavior patterns and how they may be influenced by residential environment features such as the density of tobacco retail. Findings suggest that young adults residing in areas with a higher density of tobacco retailers are more likely to have experienced repeated changes in smoking status and to be established smokers. Further research in this area is needed to advance knowledge of the putative mechanisms by which residential features may influence smoking behavior patterns and to ultimately orient policy and interventions seeking to curb smoking at the local level.

Abstract P118: Differences in Tobacco Use of sexual minorities of Diverse Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida L Giachello ◽  
Thanh-Huyen T Vu ◽  
Joy L Hart ◽  
Robyn Landry ◽  
Kandi L Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Marketing

Background: Although studies have found that cigarette smoking is more prevalent among persons who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) compared to persons who identify as heterosexual, limited research has examined tobacco use among LGBTQ individuals of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Methods: During summer 2016, the AHA-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center (A-TRAC) Project 3 conducted 27 focus groups and 196 surveys in Chicago, New York City and San Diego with smokers and non-smokers. Study inclusion criteria were self-identifying as LGBTQ and White Non-Hispanic (WNH), African American (AA), or Hispanic/Latino (H/L). Our study aim is to examine potential differences in tobacco use by race/ethnicity and factors that may be associated with such differences. Chi-square tests were used for group comparisons using SAS version 9.4. Atlas ti.v 7.5 software was used for qualitative analyses. Results: Study participants were: 23% WNH, 16% AA, and 57% H/L; 60% identified as gay/lesbian, 20% as bisexual, and 20% as members of other groups. Socioeconomic status (SES) of the participants varied by smoking status. More smokers than nonsmokers lived in households with incomes under $20,000/year (50% of smokers vs. 39% of nonsmokers (p.001)) or were unemployed (34% vs. 19% (p.003)). Many participants suggested that easy access to tobacco products (e.g., cigarettes are “cheaper,” “you find single cigarettes sold everywhere") contributed to smoking initiation. Continued tobacco use was often mentioned as a way to deal with stress, such as the stress related to “coming out.” For racial minorities (AAs and H/Ls) compared to NHWs, sources of social stress included discrimination based on race, class, and sexual orientation as well as pressures to respond to community and cultural norms and expectations, such as gender roles (e.g., machismo). AAs and H/Ls also reported more heavy marketing of tobacco in their communities and indicated less knowledge about the risks associated with tobacco use. Racial minorities also expressed preferences for different tobacco products (e.g., cigarettes with menthol) than NHWs. Conclusion: Differences in knowledge, attitudes and perceptions related to tobacco use were found among LGBTQ individuals of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. These findings have implications for culturally tailoring health communication campaigns and educational programs for LGBTQs, as well as for low SES groups. The findings also suggest the need for additional tobacco regulatory efforts in populations most vulnerable to tobacco marketing.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Smoking Cessation and Risk of Smoking Initiation in Bulgarian Youth

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Milena D. Anatchkova ◽  
Colleen A. Redding ◽  
Joseph S. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Decisional Balance ◽  
Smoking Bans ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk

The goal of this project was to explore the factors associated with smoking behavior among Bulgarian adolescents. A sample recruited from 12 high schools in Bulgaria (N = 673, mean age = 16.52, 65% female), was used for the analyses in this paper. A series of logistic regressions were performed to explore the factors associated with smoking cessation and increased risk of smoking initiation. Based on self-reported smoking status participants completed different sets of questionnaires and were included in separate models exploring smoking cessation and increased risk of smoking initiation. Variables consistently associated with smoking like stress, coping strategies, peer influence, family influence, exposure to tobacco related marketing were included as predictor variables in both models. In addition each of the two models included the relevant constructs of decisional balance and temptations from the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). The final logistic model differentiating smokers/ex-smokers included age, parental smoking status, Temptation to smoke, and support for smoking bans in public places as variables, correctly classifying 82.3% of the sample. The final model among nonsmokers differentiating higher risk/lower risk of smoking initiation included the strength of the belief that smoking is harmful, Temptations to try smoking, Pros of being smoke-free, and support for smoking bans in public places, correctly classifying 72.7% of the sample. These results provide better understanding of the factors associated with smoking behavior in Bulgarian adolescents that can guide the development of smoking cessation and prevention programs for this population.

Reaching Jewish ultra-orthodox adolescents: results from a targeted smoking prevention trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Knishkowy ◽  
Gina Verbov ◽  
Yona Amitai ◽  
Chen Stein-Zamir ◽  
Laura Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trial ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Control Intervention ◽  
Future Intent ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Abstract Background: Ultra-orthodox, Jewish adolescent boys are considered to have relatively high smoking rates, but are generally not targeted by Israel’s smoking prevention programs. Objective: The objective of this trial was to test the effectiveness of a religion-based tobacco control intervention in reducing smoking prevalence among these youth. Methods: The study population participants were 340 boys from 63 religious boys’ schools in Jerusalem. The intervention consisted of a mailing that included a pamphlet describing the health effects of and rabbinical prohibitions on smoking. A cluster randomized trial was conducted between March and May, 2005. The primary endpoint was current smoking status. Secondary endpoints were future intent to smoke and attitudes towards smoking. Generalized estimating equations and mixed models of analysis of variance were used to perform the analyses. Results: The intervention did not significantly affect current smoking, intent to smoke or attitudes towards smoking. Prevalence of smoking and future intent to smoke were higher in schools without enforced smoking regulations [odds ratio (OR) 2.74, p=0.026, OR 3.38, p=0.018]. Increased smoking prevalence was associated with a high prevalence of smoking among friends (p=0.031) and not finding smoking repulsive (p=0.024). Conclusions: This study adds to the public health literature linking smoke-free schools and peer influences to adolescent smoking. Pamphlets containing rabbinic prohibitions on smoking initiation did not affect smoking behavior or intent to smoke.

scholarly journals Is maternal cigarette or water pipe use associated with stopping breastfeeding? Evidence from the Jordan population and family health surveys 2012 and 2017–18

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Can Özalp ◽  
S. Songül Yalçın
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Lower Odds Ratio ◽  
Pipe Tobacco

Abstract Background Maternal smoking is suspected to have negative impacts on breastfeeding, such as decreasing the quantity of breast milk, and reducing vitamin and fat concentrations in the milk in the late lactation period. Cigarette and water pipe tobacco products are widely used in Jordan. We aimed to estimate the association between use of different tobacco products and the rates of current breastfeeding. Methods Data from Jordan’s Population and Family Health Surveys 2012 and 2017–18 were examined. Last-born, living children, aged < 25 months, from singleton births, ever breastfed, and living with their mother were included. The key outcome variables were the current breastfeeding (during last 24 h) and tobacco usage status [water pipe tobacco (hookah or narghile) and/or cigarette tobacco]. Complex sample multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of the current breastfeeding with maternal smoking status. Results Overall, 6726 infants were included in the study. The current breastfeeding rate in infants aged 0–6 months was 87%, compared with 43.9% in infants aged 12–17 months and 19.4% in infants aged 18–24 months. Overall, 4.4% had mothers who smoked cigarettes, 5.4% smoked water pipe, and 1.6% both cigarettes and water pipe. The proportion of breastfed infants in non-smoking mothers was 57.7% and, those in smoke water pipe, cigarette and both tobacco products were 55.4, 44.9, and 51.0% respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that women cigarette smokers had a lower odds ratio (OR) for current breastfeeding (OR 0.60, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.39, 0.92). Multivariate analysis revealed that maternal cigarette smoking was associated with a lower odds ratio for current breastfeeding compared with mothers who smoked neither water pipe nor cigarettes (AOR 0.51, 95% Cl 0.30, 0.87). Conclusions These results indicate that maternal smoking is associated with termination of breastfeeding, suggesting that structured training should be organized for healthcare professionals, expectant mothers and the general public about the association between maternal smoking and cessation of lactation.

scholarly journals E-cigarettes from the perspective of teenagers – results of focus studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Pluta ◽  
Ł Balwicki
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Traditional Tobacco ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Way

Abstract Research shows that over 80% of smokers start their habit under the age of 18. A few years ago young people undertook risky behaviors related to nicotine initiation mainly by smoking cigarettes. Today, next to traditional tobacco products, electronic cigarettes are becoming more and more popular. Due to the prevalence of new forms of nicotine addiction, modification of anti-tobacco prevention programs is required. The purpose of the research was exploration - learning the opinions and attitudes of young people towards e-cigarettes. The qualitative study was conducted using the FGI method (focus group interview). The meetings were modereted by specially trained psychologists. 48 students participated in the meetings of six focus groups, divided by gender and smoking status (smokers/non-smokers). The participants are young people aged 15-19, attending high schools in Warsaw, Kielce and Lublin. In conversations, young people emphasized the impact of e-cigarettes in smoking initiation - it usually occurs at the age of 12-14. E-cigarettes are perceived as cigarettes “for younger”, non-addictive, less serious, providing more entertainment. 'Cloud chasing' is particularly popular. They perform social functions - they are helpful in establishing relationships. Teenagers do not see the harmfulness of e-cigarettes. Participants mentioned their advantages over traditional tobacco products - they can be smoked everywhere and do not leave an unpleasant smell. Some of the respondents admit to the simultaneous use of electronic and traditional cigarettes. Moreover, many parents allow children to smoke electronic cigarettes. Vaping have become a natural way to relaxation and socialization for adolescents. E-cigarettes do not have such a negative connotation as traditional tobacco products. Young people do not see them as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Key messages Adolescents do not see e-cigarettes as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Vaping have become more and more popular - it's natural way to relaxation and socialization for young people.

Patterns of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine use among current cigarette smokers and recent quitters: Findings from the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
Ron Borland ◽  
K Michael Cummings ◽  
Shannon Gravely ◽  
Anne C K Quah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Tobacco ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Current Cigarette

Abstract Introduction This study explores patterns of use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among adult cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers. Along with cigarette smoking status we explore differences as a function of countries with different product regulations, gender and age. Methods Data came from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 3 Survey conducted between February-June 2020. The analytic sample consisted of 9112 current cigarette smokers (at least monthly) and 1184 recent ex-smokers (quit cigarettes ≤ 2 years) from Australia, Canada, England, and the US. Respondents were asked about their cigarette smoking and current use of the following non-cigarette products: combustible tobacco (cigars, cigarillos, pipe, waterpipe); non-combustible tobacco (smokeless tobacco, and heated tobacco products (HTPs)); and non-tobacco nicotine products (nicotine vaping products (NVPs), nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and nicotine pouches)). Results Overall, NVPs (13.7%) and NRT (10.9%) were the most reported nicotine products used, followed by cigars (5.3%), cigarillos (4.2%), and HTPs (3.5%). More than 21% current and recent ex-smokers of cigarettes reported using a non-tobacco nicotine product and non-combustible product, with respondents in England reporting the highest levels of use (&gt;26%). Males, younger respondents, and current non-daily cigarette smokers were more likely to use non-cigarette nicotine products. Notably, 11.6% of ex-cigarette smokers were using other combustible tobacco. Conclusion Considerable percentages of current cigarette smokers and ex-smokers use non-cigarette nicotine products, and there are unexpectedly high levels of use of other combustible products by those recent ex-smokers of cigarettes which is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Implications The tobacco product market has evolved to include new products which add to existing non-cigarette tobacco products creating a much more diverse nicotine market. This brief report provides a snapshot of use of various combustible and non-combustible nicotine containing products among current cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers in four western countries. Our results indicate that use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among these cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers is not low, particularly among males, younger and non-daily cigarette smokers. Use of other combustible tobacco among respondents that recently quit cigarette smoking is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Increased emphasis on researching non-cigarette nicotine product use is warranted in tobacco control generally and smoking cessation in particular.

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