Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use

Contraception ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isolde den Tonkelaar ◽  
Björn J. Oddens
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use

Pregnancy, Oral Contraception, Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Occurrence of Varicose Veins: Edinburgh Vein Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Lee ◽  
C. J. Evans ◽  
C. M. Hau ◽  
P. L. Allan ◽  
F. G. R. Fowkes
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: To determine the relationship between varicose veins and duration of menstrual life, age of menopause, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: City of Edinburgh, UK. Participants: Eight hundred and sixty-seven women aged 18–64 years randomly selected from 12 general practices. Methods: After completing a questionnaire, which included questions on reproductive history, the women underwent a comprehensive clinical examination including the assessment of varicose veins (trunk, hyphenweb and reticular varices), followed by duplex scanning of their legs. Results: Women who had been pregnant at least once were more likely to have minor hyphenweb or reticular varices than women who had never been pregnant ( p ≤ 0.05). Women aged 35–54 years who were current users or ex-users of the oral contraceptive pill had a lower prevalence of trunk varicose veins than women who had never taken the pill ( p ≤ 0.10). HRT was also associated with a lower prevalence of trunk varices ( p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that alterations in the balance of the sex hormones may have a role in the aetiology of varicose veins.

Hormone replacement therapy and epithelial ovarian cancer: is there and association?

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Riman
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Climacteric Symptoms ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Ovarian Carcinogenesis

Recently it was estimated that about one-third of postmenopausal British women aged 50-64 years currently uses hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for treatment of climacteric symptoms and for other medical reasons. To reduce an excess risk of endometrial cancer induced by oestrogens, modern HRT regimens contain either sequential or continuous progestogens. The protective effect of parity and oral contraceptive use observed in the majority of epidemiological studies on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) suggest that hormonal factors are likely to operate in ovarian carcinogenesis. However, the studies where HRT was examined in relation to the risk of EOC have reported conflicting results. The objective of this epidemiological review is to evaluate the risk of EOC in relation to the use of HRT, with particular focus on the few studies where oestrogens and progestogens in HRT were assessed separately. Further, the findings regarding HRT and EOC risk will be discussed in the context of available aetiological hypotheses. Finally, any clinical implications are commented upon.

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