Depression, stress and immunological activation: The role of cytokines in depressive disorders

Life Sciences ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 583-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Connor ◽  
Brian E. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Immunological Activation

scholarly journals The Role of HPA Axis and Allopregnanolone on the Neurobiology of Major Depressive Disorders and PTSD

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5495
Author(s):  
Felipe Borges Almeida ◽  
Graziano Pinna ◽  
Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Cortisol Release

Under stressful conditions, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis acts to promote transitory physiological adaptations that are often resolved after the stressful stimulus is no longer present. In addition to corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol), the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) participates in negative feedback mechanisms that restore homeostasis. Chronic, repeated exposure to stress impairs the responsivity of the HPA axis and dampens allopregnanolone levels, participating in the etiopathology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MDD and PTSD patients present abnormalities in the HPA axis regulation, such as altered cortisol levels or failure to suppress cortisol release in the dexamethasone suppression test. Herein, we review the neurophysiological role of allopregnanolone both as a potent and positive GABAergic neuromodulator but also in its capacity of inhibiting the HPA axis. The allopregnanolone function in the mechanisms that recapitulate stress-induced pathophysiology, including MDD and PTSD, and its potential as both a treatment target and as a biomarker for these disorders is discussed.

scholarly journals Comorbid Depressive Disorders in ADHD: The Role of ADHD Severity, Subtypes and Familial Psychiatric Disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Di Trani ◽  
Francesca Di Roma ◽  
Andriola Elda ◽  
Leone Daniela ◽  
Parisi Pasquale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders

Self-Directed Approaches to the Treatment of Depression

2016 ◽  
pp. 468-477
Author(s):  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Annet Kleiboer
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
The Common

This article examines self-directed approaches to the treatment of depression. It first considers some of the reasons why the uptake of mental health services by depressed people is low, despite the high prevalence of depressive disorders and the availability of evidence-based treatments. It then looks at the role of self-management in increasing access to evidence-based treatments for depression. It also defines what self-directed treatments are and goes on to discuss the different types of self-directed therapy, the common components of self-directed interventions for depression, Internet-based interventions for depression, and the advantages and disadvantages of self-directed interventions. Finally, it summarizes the findings from research on self-directed interventions for depression and suggests directions for future research and development in this area. Some titles of self-help books that can be used in self-directed interventions are presented.

Role of psychological trauma in the cause and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Laugharne ◽  
Alyssa Lillee ◽  
Aleksandar Janca
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychological Trauma

scholarly journals Assessing the Evidence of Micronutrients on Depression among Children and Adolescents: An Evidence Gap Map

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 908-927
Author(s):  
Susan C Campisi ◽  
Clare Zasowski ◽  
Shailja Shah ◽  
Ashka Shah ◽  
Glyneva Bradley-Ridout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT There is some evidence indicating that nutrition may have the ability to prevent, treat, and/or influence the severity of depression. The aims of this evidence gap map (EGM) are to provide an overview and to determine evidence gaps in the existing research on micronutrients and their impact on depression among children and adolescents. We conducted a comprehensive search in multiple databases of primary and secondary literature assessing the impact of micronutrients on depression-related outcomes such as unipolar depression, major depressive disorders, dysthymia, acute depression, and mood disorders. Abstracts and full-text articles were dual-screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. A total of 30 primary research publications were included in the EGM. About 47% of included studies focused on late adolescents (15–19 y), ∼40% on early adolescents (10–14 y), and ∼13% on children aged 6–9 y. Among the included studies, 8 studies examined a single micronutrient intervention and 22 studies examined micronutrient concentrations (either intake or serum), and their impact on depression. The most frequently studied micronutrients were vitamin D (n = 8), zinc (n = 8), iron (n = 6), folate (n = 7), and vitamin B-12 (n = 5). More longitudinal studies and trials are needed to determine the role of micronutrients in the etiology and treatment of depression among children and adolescents.

scholarly journals How Is the Presence of Company Related to Thwarted Belongingness in Real Time? Taking a Closer Look at the Conceptualization of the Construct of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hallensleben ◽  
Heide Glaesmer ◽  
Thomas Forkmann ◽  
Dajana Rath ◽  
Maria Strauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Interpersonal Theory ◽  
Thwarted Belongingness ◽  
Interpersonal Theory Of Suicide ◽  
Depressive Affect ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
Interpersonal Factors ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

(1) Background: The role of thwarted belongingness (TB) in predicting suicidal ideation, as originally assumed by the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, is repeatedly challenged by empirical findings. This could be due to an inadequate conceptualization of the construct of TB that is assumed to be influenced by intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. (2) Methods: We examined the associations of TB with intrapersonal variables related to depression, and with interpersonal variables related to an individual’s actual social environment. We analyzed data from an ecological momentary assessment study in psychiatric inpatients with depressive disorders. N = 73 participants rated momentary TB, depressive affect and status of company up to 10 times per day, over a period of six days, on smartphones. (3) Results: TB was lower when assessed while participants were in company compared to when they were alone, and the more desired the company was, the less TB was experienced. Individuals who had a partnership experienced less momentary TB. Furthermore, higher levels of momentary depressive affect, as well as more stable levels of depression, were related to higher levels of TB, and the relation between the presence of company and TB was weaker for more depressed persons. (4) Conclusions: Our findings can be seen as evidence that both intrapersonal and interpersonal factors relate to TB, and thus support the conceptualization of TB as proposed by the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide.

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