99/01001 Transformation of carbon black sludge to granular solid fuel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Granular Solid

scholarly journals ROCKET ENGINE ON GRANULAR SOLID FUEL

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Andrey Elkin ◽  
◽  
Evgeniy Zemerev ◽  
Vladimir Malinin ◽  
Lyudmila Khimenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Granular Solid ◽  
Propellant Rocket

The paper is devoted to the development of a rocket engine on granular solid fuel (REGSF). The paper shows the main advantages and disadvantages of widely used propulsion systems (such as a solid-propellant rocket engine, liquid-propellant rocket engine, gas turbine engine). The proposed hybrid power plant borrows the strengths of well-known engines, such as the ability to control thrust in a wide range, multiple on and off, the ability to work in high temperatures and low oxygen content. The fuel in a REGSF is granules, the constituent components of which are both oxidizing agent and combustible. Possible propulsion systems based on REGSF, applicable for different types of tasks (can be used both for spacecraft and for ground unmanned aerial vehicles used at different altitudes with different flight speeds), are proposed and considered. As a prototype of the granular solid fuel supply system (GSFSS) the powder metal fuels supply system (PMFSS) is chosen. The flow rate and speed characteristics of the GSFSS are similar to the same characteristics of the PMFSS, they are also presented in this paper. Based on the available data on the supply system for powdered metal fuels and powdered aluminum (which is used as a fuel in a similar propulsion power plant), the requirements that granular fuel must satisfy in order to efficiently feed and ignite it are formulated and given. Requirements: dry, hydrophobic material, which must have high flowability, have a dispersion in the specified range, the type of particles must be spherical.

A Preparation of High Resolution Standards for Electron Microscopy. Part II

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Akira Tanaka ◽  
David F. Harling
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Graphitized Carbon Black ◽  
Graphitized Carbon ◽  
Dark Field Imaging ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
Micro Holes

In the previous paper, the author reported on a technique for preparing vapor-deposited single crystal films as high resolution standards for electron microscopy. The present paper is intended to describe the preparation of several high resolution standards for dark field microscopy and also to mention some results obtained from these studies. Three preparations were used initially: 1.) Graphitized carbon black, 2.) Epitaxially grown particles of different metals prepared by vapor deposition, and 3.) Particles grown epitaxially on the edge of micro-holes formed in a gold single crystal film.The authors successfully obtained dark field micrographs demonstrating the 3.4Å lattice spacing of graphitized carbon black and the Au single crystal (111) lattice of 2.35Å. The latter spacing is especially suitable for dark field imaging because of its preparation, as in 3.), above. After the deposited film of Au (001) orientation is prepared at 400°C the substrate temperature is raised, resulting in the formation of many square micro-holes caused by partial evaporation of the Au film.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

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