439 Hepatitis C viraemia inhibits dendritic cell functions and their ability to induce adaptive immune response to HCV

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. S164
Author(s):  
I. Pachiadakis ◽  
S. Chokshi ◽  
H. Cooksley ◽  
C. Sarazzin ◽  
S. Zeuzem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Adaptive Immune Response against Hepatitis C Virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5644
Author(s):  
Janine Kemming ◽  
Robert Thimme ◽  
Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Viral Escape ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

A functional adaptive immune response is the major determinant for clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, in the majority of patients, this response fails and persistent infection evolves. Here, we dissect the HCV-specific key players of adaptive immunity, namely B cells and T cells, and describe factors that affect infection outcome. Once chronic infection is established, continuous exposure to HCV antigens affects functionality, phenotype, transcriptional program, metabolism, and the epigenetics of the adaptive immune cells. In addition, viral escape mutations contribute to the failure of adaptive antiviral immunity. Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) can mediate HCV clearance in almost all patients with chronic HCV infection, however, defects in adaptive immune cell populations remain, only limited functional memory is obtained and reinfection of cured individuals is possible. Thus, to avoid potential reinfection and achieve global elimination of HCV infections, a prophylactic vaccine is needed. Recent vaccine trials could induce HCV-specific immunity but failed to protect from persistent infection. Thus, lessons from natural protection from persistent infection, DAA-mediated cure, and non-protective vaccination trials might lead the way to successful vaccination strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Rabies Virus Expressing Dendritic Cell-Activating Molecules Enhances the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Vaccination

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1634-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wen ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
H. Wu ◽  
F. Yang ◽  
R. A. Tripp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Hypoxia stimulus: An adaptive immune response during dendritic cell maturation

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 816-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rama ◽  
B. Bruene ◽  
J. Torras ◽  
R. Koehl ◽  
J.M. Cruzado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cell Maturation ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals THE MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE ESCAPE BY HEPATITIS B VIRUS

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 408-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Sokolova ◽  
M. V. Konopleva ◽  
Т. A. Semenenko ◽  
V. G. Akimkin ◽  
A. V. Tutelyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
B Virus

The high prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in population occurs mainly due to numerous mechanisms formed in the process of the virus evolution, contributing to its survival under immunological pressure. The review presents the most complete systematization and classification of various HBV protective mechanisms basing on their influence on different parts of congenital and adaptive immune response. The analysis of literature data allows for the conclusion that two basic principles underlie the mechanisms: the strategy of the «stealth virus» (virus’s escape from recognition by the immune system) and strategy of immunosuppression. The stealth virus strategy is performed as follows: special strategy of the HBV replication which prevents the recognition by the receptors of congenital immune system; occurrence of the vaccine escape mutants; isolation of the virus in host cells and tissues providing its inaccessibility to T-cells along with hyperproduction of subviral particles as traps for specific antibodies. The core principle of the immunosuppression implemented in hepatitis B therapy is based on the phenomenon of the viral apoptotic mimicry. The result of this interaction strategy is dysfunction of NK and NKT-cells, inactivation of dendritic cell functions, and suppression of the adaptive immune response. The review demonstrates that interaction between HBV and the immune system of the macro organism is in some kind of «dynamic equilibrium» depending on numerous factors. Specific molecular targets of the viral impact are described. We propose to expand the research on the influence of the host’s genetic factors on the development of congenital and adaptive immune response against HBV, especially during the real infectious process which results in the improvement of approaches to the therapy by developing personalized treatment methods.

scholarly journals Bacterial toxins and the immune system

2005 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Galán
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Toxins ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Microorganisms that cause persistent infection often exhibit specific adaptations that allow them to avoid the adaptive immune response. Recently, several bacterial toxins have been shown in vitro to disrupt immune cell functions. However, it remains to be established whether these activities are relevant during infection and whether these toxins have specifically evolved to disrupt the adaptive immune system.

scholarly journals Contradictory Immune Response in Post Liver Transplantation Hepatitis B and C

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinobu Takaki ◽  
Takahito Yagi ◽  
Kazuhide Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Recurrent Hepatitis ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Infected Liver ◽  
Recurrent Hepatitis C

Hepatitis B and C often progress to decompensated liver cirrhosis requiring orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). After OLT, hepatitis B recurrence is clinically controlled with a combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogues. Another approach is to induce self-producing anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies using a HBV envelope antigen vaccine. Patients who had not been HBV carriers such as acutely infected liver failure or who received liver from HBV self-limited donor are good candidate. For chronic HBV carrier patients, a successful response can only be achieved in selected patients such as those treated with experimentally reduced immunosuppression protocols or received an anti-HBV adaptive memory carrying donor liver. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfects transplanted livers at a rate of >90%. HCV reinfected patients show different severities of hepatitis, from mild and slowly progressing to severe and rapidly progressing, possibly resulting from different adaptive immune responses. More than half the patients require interferon treatment, although the success rate is low and carries risks for leukocytopenia and rejection. Managing the immune response has an important role in controlling recurrent hepatitis C. This study aimed to review the adaptive immune response in post-OLT hepatitis B and C.

Manipulation of dendritic cell functions by human cytomegalovirus

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the mammalian immune system and are central to the initiation and maintenance of the adaptive immune response. They are crucial for the presentation of antigen to T cells and B cells, as well as the induction of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, which orchestrate the balance of the cell-mediated (Th1) and antibody (Th2) response. This ability of dendritic cells to present antigen and release chemokines and cytokines also bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses by driving T cell activation. These cells thus possess key immunological functions that make them the front line of defence for the targeting and clearance of any invading pathogen and, as such, they underpin the host immune response to infection. For efficient infection, invading pathogens often need to overcome these sentinel immune functions. It is therefore not surprising that pathogens have evolved numerous mechanisms to target dendritic cell functions directly or indirectly during infection, and at least one herpesvirus – human cytomegalovirus – has evolved a life cycle that hijacks dendritic cells for its long-term persistence in the infected host.

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