Individual differences in rational and intuitive thinking styles as predictors of heuristic responses and framing effects

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoshana Shiloh ◽  
Efrat Salton ◽  
Dana Sharabi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Intuitive Thinking

Thinking Inconsistently

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija B. Petrović ◽  
Iris Žeželj
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Thinking Style ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Metacognitive Ability

Abstract. People tend to simultaneously accept mutually exclusive beliefs. If they are generally prone to tolerate inconsistencies, irrespective of their content, we say they are prone to doublethink. We developed a measure to capture individual differences in this tendency and demonstrated its construct and predictive validity across two studies. In Study 1, participants ( N = 240) filled in the doublethink scale, the rational/intuitive inventory, and three measures of conspiratorial beliefs (conspiracy mentality, belief in specific and contradictory conspiracies). Doublethink was meaningfully related to all measured variables and was predictive of all conspiratorial beliefs over and above rational/intuitive thinking styles. In Study 2 ( N = 149), we included the need for cognition and preference for consistency in the predictor set alongside doublethink, while the criterion set remained the same. Once again, doublethink related in an expected way to other measured variables and was predictive of belief in conspiracy theories after accounting for the effects of need for cognition and preference for consistency. We discuss the properties of the scale and how it relates to other consistency measures, and offer two ways to conceptualize doublethink: as a lack of metacognitive ability to spot inconsistencies or as a thinking style that easily accommodates inconsistent beliefs.

Religious People and Paranormal Believers

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kia Aarnio ◽  
Marjaana Lindeman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Mystical Experiences ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed at clarifying the relationship between religious and paranormal beliefs, on which previous studies have yielded varying results. It was examined whether the relationship varies by the level of religiousness, and individual differences between religious and paranormal believers and sceptics were compared. Finnish participants (N = 3261) filled in an Internet-based questionnaire. The results showed that the relationship between religious and paranormal beliefs was positive among paranormal believers and sceptics but negative among religious people. High intuitive thinking, low analytical thinking, mystical experiences, and close others' positive attitude toward the supernatural distinguished both kinds of believers from the sceptics, while conservation and self-transcendence values distinguished religious people from paranormal believers.

scholarly journals Edgcumbe. 2019 - The relationship between cognitive reflection and morality judgments are mediated by thinking dispositions.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Edgcumbe
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Thinking Dispositions ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Experiential Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract:Performance on Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is thought to predict moral judgments concerning the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). This relationship is hypothesised to be mediated by the tendency toward thinking dispositions such as actively open-minded thinking (AOT), rational (REI-R) and experiential thinking (REI-E), and religiosity. The relationship between cognitive reflection, intuitive thinking and moral judgments with thinking dispositions are examined. As the MFQ measures five types of moral judgments which include ‘individualising values’ – harm and fairness, and ‘binding values’ - loyalty, authority and purity it was hypothesised that performance on these moral foundations would be influenced by thinking dispositions and cognitive reflection. Results indicate that the relationship between cognitive reflection and moral judgments were mediated differently by thinking dispositions. Religious participants and intuitive thinkers alike scored highly on binding moral values. Analytic thinkers and non-religious participants scored highly on individualising moral values. The data is consistent with religiosity and intuition being inherently linked and suggests that moral values are influenced by individual differences in thinking dispositions and cognitive style.

An Inquisition of Different Cognitive and Behavioral Dimensions on Mental Self Government (MSG) in different career personalities.

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 372-380
Author(s):  
Garima Saini ◽  
Shabnam
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Environmental Stimulus ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Cognitive Rigidity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Coping

Understanding styles in deep, it is fair to say that style possesses affective, psychological, physiological, cognitive and sociological facets. Individual differences exhibit individuals to possess different expression, complex behavior and reactions to the environmental stimulus.       Styles being the ability of an individual in the performance of the individual, attracted many educational psychologists and scholars. Thinking styles are the stylistic abilities and can be mutated as they contain the fragmented socialization and ascendancy of environment in which individual lives in. Different individuals react to stimulus in different ways according to their stylistic ability of approaching to a stimulus. This study is an attempt to study different cognitive and behavioral correlates that are metacognition, cognitive styles, cognitive rigidity, leadership behavior and coping strategies.

scholarly journals Applying the Theory of Successful Intelligence to Education—The Good, the Bad, and the Ogre: Commentary on Sternberg et al. (2008)

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Successful Intelligence ◽  
Testing Paradigm

Sternberg, Grigorenko, and Zhang (2008) have presented a creative model for the application of research on intelligence and personality to education. There are many positive aspects of their effort. These include the coordination of individual differences in cognition and personality and their extension of the concept of intelligence beyond skills that can be tested in the normal testing paradigm. Although various parts of their approach have appeared elsewhere, the development of a single package containing all these ideas is a worthwhile improvement in thinking about education. They cite numerous studies in support of their efforts. However, a close examination of some of the major studies shows that this evidence, though not inconsistent with their claims, is not as strong as their review indicates. If one applies conventional psychometric criteria, simpler explanations than those they propose could be found. Their model of thinking styles is probably too complex for many practical applications. However, a good case can be made that the appropriate criterion is “How useful will this approach be in education?” By this criterion, the total package is impressive and should be seriously considered by educators.

scholarly journals The Reflective Mind: Examining Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Base Rate Neglect with fMRI

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1011-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oshin Vartanian ◽  
Erin L. Beatty ◽  
Ingrid Smith ◽  
Kristen Blackler ◽  
Quan Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Reflective Thinking ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation

Performance on heuristics and bias tasks has been shown to be susceptible to bias. In turn, susceptibility to bias varies as a function of individual differences in cognitive abilities (e.g., intelligence) and thinking styles (e.g., propensity for reflection). Using a classic task (i.e., lawyer–engineer problem), we conducted two experiments to examine the differential contributions of cognitive abilities versus thinking styles to performance. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)—a well-established measure of reflective thinking—predicted performance on conflict problems (where base rates and intuition point in opposite directions), whereas STM predicted performance on nonconflict problems. Experiment 2 conducted in the fMRI scanner replicated this behavioral dissociation and enabled us to probe their neural correlates. As predicted, conflict problems were associated with greater activation in the ACC—a key region for conflict detection—even in cases when participants responded stereotypically. In participants with higher CRT scores, conflict problems were associated with greater activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and activation in PCC covaried in relation to CRT scores during conflict problems. Also, CRT scores predicted activation in PCC in conflict problems (over and above nonconflict problems). Our results suggest that individual differences in reflective thinking as measured by CRT are related to brain activation in PCC—a region involved in regulating attention between external and internal foci. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of PCC's possible involvement in switching from intuitive to analytic mode of thought.

scholarly journals Rational Thinking and Belief in Psychic Abilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Stone
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
External Locus ◽  
Rational Thinking ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Internal Locus ◽  
Internal Locus Of Control ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
External Locus Of Control ◽  
Different Characteristics

Previous research has shown that lay believers in psychic abilities are more prone to intuitive thinking, less inclined to rational thinking, and have an external locus of control, compared to non-believers. Psychic practitioners, however, may have different characteristics. Psychic practitioners ( n = 31; M age = 42.7 yr., SD = 13.1), lay believers ( n = 33; M age = 33.0 yr., SD = 10.3), and non-believers ( n = 31; M age = 34.4 yr., SD = 15.4) completed questionnaires measuring thinking styles, locus of control, and psychic belief. Comparisons of lay believers with non-believers confirmed previous observations: believers had a higher propensity for intuitive thinking, lower propensity for rational thinking, and more external locus of control. In contrast, practitioners were equivalent to non-believers in rational thinking and had the highest internal locus of control. This highlights the importance of considering level of involvement with psychic practice in understanding the thinking styles of believers. Results suggested that practitioners may have rationalized their beliefs and constructed a coherent model of psychic phenomena that satisfies a propensity for rational thinking within a community of belief.

scholarly journals The “Jim Cantore Effect?” A Preliminary Test of Individual Difference-Induced Media Effects Upon Hurricane Evacuation Decisions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan R. Allen ◽  
Matthew J. Bolton ◽  
H. Michael Mogil ◽  
Jennifer Toole ◽  
Lara K. Ault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Media Effects ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Hurricane Evacuation ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Media Condition

We conducted this study to test for an interaction of media effects and individual differences that could affect hurricane evacuation decision-making. Participants responded in an online, Qualtrics-hosted survey to many demographic and individual difference questionnaires assessing decisions one would make in a hurricane evacuation. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two video conditions (reporter emotionality: high or low) and asked a number of questions about the field-reporting meteorologist they viewed. We predicted an interaction between intuitive thinking (which is faster and more emotional) and emotional reporting such that highly intuitive thinkers would be more likely to evacuate when presented with more emotional hurricane field reporting. This hypothesis was rejected. However, there was a main effect of intuition, whereby highly intuitive people expressed more fear for weather (but not hurricanes). Furthermore, there was a main effect of media condition: People exposed to highly emotional field reporting in general were more likely to evacuate. These results are discussed in light of meteorological communication standards and principles.

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