Microbiologic and pharmacodynamic principals applied to the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of ampicillin/sulbactam: Analysis of the correlations between in vitro test results and clinical response

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald N. Jones ◽  
Michael N. Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Response ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Vitro Test

scholarly journals Gentamicin susceptibility among a sample of multi-drug resistantNeisseria gonorrhoeaeisolates in India

2016 ◽  
pp. AAC.01907-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manju Bala ◽  
Vikram Singh ◽  
Aradhana Bhargava ◽  
Monika Kakran ◽  
Naveen Chandra Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Dual Therapy ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Effective Treatment Option

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 258N. gonorrhoeaeisolates by Etest determined that 60.1% were MDR while 5% strains had decreased susceptibility to currently recommended extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs). Among these, 84.5% MDR and 76.9% strains having decreased susceptibility to ESCs were susceptible to gentamicin. No MDR isolate was resistant to gentamicin. Thesein vitroresults suggest that gentamicin might be an effective treatment option for the MDR strains and in dual therapy for gonorrhea. However, further research regarding the clinical treatment outcomes is essential.

scholarly journals Point-Counterpoint: Differences between the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Recommendations for Reporting Antimicrobial Susceptibility Results

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Kahlmeter ◽  
Christian G. Giske ◽  
Thomas J. Kirn ◽  
Susan E. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Technical Variability ◽  
European Committee ◽  
Clinical Laboratories ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

INTRODUCTION Antibiotic susceptibility test results are among the most important results issued by clinical microbiology laboratories because they routinely guide critical treatment decisions. Interpretations of MIC or disk diffusion test results, such as “susceptible” or “resistant,” are easily understood. Clinical laboratories also need to determine whether and how their reports will reflect more complex situations. Such situations include, first, whether there is need to administer higher or more frequent doses of antibiotic than usual for clinical efficacy; second, whether an antimicrobial is likely to be effective at a body site where it concentrates; and third, whether there is some uncertainty in the test results due to technical variability that cannot be eliminated. Two leading organizations that set standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), have taken different strategies to deal with these challenges. In this Point-Counterpoint, Gunnar Kahlmeter and Christian Giske discuss how EUCAST is addressing these issues, and Thomas Kirn and Susan Sharp discuss the CLSI approach.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Biofilm Formation in Bacteria by Essential Oils: تثبيط تكون البيوفيلم في البكتيريا بواسطة الزيوت العطرية

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashaeal Saud Alshilawi, Howard Foster
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Research Question ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Black Seed ◽  
Vitro Test

The formation of S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa biofilms were successfully inhibited in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of S. aromaticum (clove) and L. angustifolia (lavender) essential oils. These substances achieved good in-vitro test results. On the other hand, pure and organic types of N. sativa (black seed) essential oil did not exhibit any inhibitory effects on the biofilm formed by the tested bacteria. Although the tested essential oils may share a similar mechanism of action, ANOVA analysis showed strong statistical differences between all essential oils at their sub-MIC levels, and also identified two different trends, biofilm inhibitors, represented by S. aromaticum (clove) and L. angustifolia (lavender) oils, and biofilm stimulators, represented by both types of N. sativa (black seed) oils. A more thorough perspective on the research question could be achieved by considering the various elements that have essentially contributed to the processes and the findings within this study.

scholarly journals In-Body Electromagnetic Sensor Combined with AI-Enhanced Electrocardiography for Pacemaker Working Status Telemonitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Wu Lu ◽  
Ranran Ding ◽  
Bingjie Wu ◽  
Wenbin Zhao ◽  
Dong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Wireless Data Transmission ◽  
Analog Front End ◽  
Electromagnetic Sensor ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Working Status ◽  
Contact Electrodes

This paper describes the design and implementation of an in-body electromagnetic sensor for patients with implanted pacemakers. The sensor can either be mounted on myocardial tissue and monitor the electrocardiography (ECG) with contact electrodes or implanted under the skin and monitor the ECG with coaxial leads. A 16-bit high-resolution analog front-end (AFE) and an energy-efficient 32-bit CPU are used for instantaneous ECG recording. Wireless data transmission between the sensor and clinician’s computer is achieved by an embedded low-power Bluetooth transmitter. In order to automatically recognize the working status of the pacemaker and alarm the episodes of arrhythmias caused by pacemaker malfunctions, pacing mode classification and fault diagnosis on the recorded ECG were achieved based on an AI algorithm, i.e., a resource allocation network (RAN). A prototype of the sensor was implemented on a human torso, and the in vitro test results prove that the sensor can work properly for the 1-4-meter transmission range.

scholarly journals Reconciling Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical Response in Antimicrobial Treatment of Chronic Cystic Fibrosis Lung Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1812-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie J Waters ◽  
Timothy J Kidd ◽  
Rafael Canton ◽  
Miquel B Ekkelenkamp ◽  
Helle Krogh Johansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Lung Infections

AbstractMedian cystic fibrosis (CF) survival has increased dramatically over time due to several factors, including greater availability and use of antimicrobial therapies. During the progression of CF lung disease, however, the emergence of multidrug antimicrobial resistance can limit treatment effectiveness, threatening patient longevity. Current planktonic-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing lacks the ability to predict clinical response to antimicrobial treatment of chronic CF lung infections. There are numerous reasons for these limitations including bacterial phenotypic and genotypic diversity, polymicrobial interactions, and impaired antibiotic efficacy within the CF lung environment. The parallels to other chronic diseases such as non-CF bronchiectasis are discussed as well as research priorities for moving forward.

scholarly journals Correlating Labeling Chemistry and in-vitro Test Results with the Biological Behavior of Radiolabeled Proteins

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh C. Srivastava ◽  
George E. Meinken
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Vitro Test

A study of the effect of various rediochemical labeling parameters on the in-vivo behavior of proteins, in particular of monoclonal antibodies, was carried out. Both radioiodination, and radiometal labeling (using protein-chelating agent conjugates), of antimelanoma, antiplatelet, and anticolon carcinoma monoclonal antibodies (222.28s, 7E3, and GA-733 respectively), as well as the direct labeling of human serum albumin with 99m Tc, were investigated. Different aspects of the biological behavior are affected in relation to the labeling chemistry involved. These include the immunoreactivity, blood clearance and tissue uptake kinetics, and rates and routes of excretion. Individual radionuclide effects have often to be addressed separately. Some antibodies are more susceptable to alteration from labeling conditions than others. Careful optimization of labeling and purification procedures is thus necessary for particular radionuclide/antibody combinations in order to obtain predictable and reproducible in-vivo results for both immunoscintigraphy and immunotherapy applications.

scholarly journals Cefiderocol Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Considerations: the Achilles' Heel of the Trojan Horse?

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. e00951-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Simner ◽  
Robin Patel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mueller Hinton

ABSTRACTCefiderocol (formerly S-649266) is a novel siderophore-conjugated cephalosporin with activity against a broad array of multidrug-resistant (MDR), aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. The siderophore component binds iron and uses active iron transport for drug entry into the bacterial periplasmic space. The cephalosporin moiety is the active antimicrobial component, structurally resembling a hybrid between ceftazidime and cefepime. Like other β-lactam agents, the principal bactericidal activity of cefiderocol occurs via inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, leading to cell death. Iron concentrations need to be taken into consideration when in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility to cefiderocol is determined. Broth microdilution (BMD) and disk diffusion methods have been developed to determine in vitro activity of cefiderocol. For BMD, cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) requires iron depletion to provide MICs predictive of in vivo activity. A method to prepare iron-depleted CAMHB (ID-CAMHB) has been described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). For disk diffusion, standard Mueller-Hinton agar is recommended, presumably because iron is bound in the medium. Currently, clinical FDA and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints and investigational (research-use-only) CLSI breakpoints exist for interpreting cefiderocol susceptibility results for certain Gram-negative bacilli. Cefiderocol does not have clinically relevant activity against Gram-positive or anaerobic organisms. FDA or EUCAST breakpoints should be applied to interpret results for Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii complex for patient care until the investigational status has been removed from CLSI breakpoints. Further clinical outcome data are required to assess the effectiveness of cefiderocol for treatment of other Acinetobacter species (non-baumannii complex) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia at this time, and, as such, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these organisms should be limited to research use in the scenario of limited treatment options.

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