Risk factors of auditory hallucinations in childhood: adversity and the formation of psychotic-like ideation

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1343-1343
Author(s):  
A.A. Bartels-Velthuis ◽  
G. Van de Willige ◽  
J.A. Jenner ◽  
J. Van Os ◽  
D. Wiersma
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Hearing Voices ◽  
Social Adversity

Auditory vocal hallucinations (AVH) in general had limited functional impact in 7–8 year old children. However, transitory developmental expression of psychotic symptoms may become more persistent (and clinically relevant), depending on the degree of exposure to environmental risk factors. Therefore, in a five-year follow-up study of a case-control sample associations of (severity of) AVH with social adversity (traumatic experiences and stressful events) and the formation of delusional ideation were examined. In total 337 children (mean age 13.1 years; SD = 0.5) were reassessed. Forty children had continued to hear voices (24%, persistent group), 15 had heard voices for the first time (9%, incident group), 130 children no longer reported AVH (remitted group) and 152 never heard voices (referent group). Early social adversity was strongly associated with both incident and persistent AVH, and predicted greater AVH severity at follow-up. Children with both AVH and delusions were more likely to have experienced traumatic or stressful events than children with either symptom alone. AVH severity was shown to be a mediator in the association between TE (but not SE) and delusion formation. These results suggest that, although hearing voices in 7–8 year olds is in most cases benign, experience of social adversity can predict persistence and onset of new AVH closer to puberty. Given evidence for the association with delusion formation, they do pose a significant clinical risk.

scholarly journals Auditory hallucinations in childhood: associations with adversity and delusional ideation

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bartels-Velthuis ◽  
G. van de Willige ◽  
J. A. Jenner ◽  
D. Wiersma ◽  
J. van Os
Keyword(s):  
Control Sample ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Delusional Ideation ◽  
Baseline Case ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
Referent Group

BackgroundPrevious work suggests that exposure to childhood adversity is associated with the combination of delusions and hallucinations. In the present study, associations between (severity of) auditory vocal hallucinations (AVH) and (i) social adversity [traumatic experiences (TE) and stressful events (SE)] and (ii) delusional ideation were examined.MethodA baseline case-control sample of children with and without AVH were re-assessed on AVH after 5 years and interviewed about the experience of social adversity and delusions.ResultsA total of 337 children (mean age 13.1 years, s.d.=0.5) were assessed: 40 children continued to hear voices that were present at baseline (24%, persistent group), 15 heard voices only at follow-up (9%, incident group), 130 children no longer reported AVH that were present at baseline (remitted group) and 152 never heard voices (referent group). Both TE and SE were associated with both incident and persistent AVH, as well as with greater AVH severity and delusional ideation at follow-up. In addition, the combination of AVH and delusions displayed a stronger association with TE and SE compared with either AVH or delusions alone.ConclusionsEarly childhood AVH are mostly benign and transitory. However, experience of social adversity is associated with persistence, severity and onset of new AVH closer to puberty, and with delusional ideation.

scholarly journals Replication study reveals miR-483-5p as an important target in prevention of cardiometabolic disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widet Gallo ◽  
Filip Ottosson ◽  
Cecilia Kennbäck ◽  
Amra Jujic ◽  
Jonathan Lou S. Esguerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Micro Rnas

Abstract Background Alterations in levels of circulating micro-RNAs might reflect within organ signaling or subclinical tissue injury that is linked to risk of diabetes and cardiovascular risk. We previously found that serum levels of miR-483-5p is correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors and incidence of cardiometabolic disease in a case–control sample from the populations-based Malmö Diet and Cancer Study Cardiovascular Cohort (MDC-CC). We here aimed at replicating these findings and to test for association with carotid atherosclerosis. Methods We measured miR-483-5p in fasting serum of 1223 healthy subjects from the baseline examination of the population-based, prospective cohort study Malmö Offspring Study (MOS) and correlated miR-483-5p to cardiometabolic risk factors and to incidence of diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease (CAD) during 3.7 (± 1.3) years of follow-up using logistic regression. In both MOS and MDC-CC we related mir-483-5p to carotid atherosclerosis measured with ultrasound. Results In cross-sectional analysis miR-483-5p was correlated with BMI, waist circumference, HDL, and sex. After adjustment for age and sex, the association remained significant for all risk factors except for HDL. Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between miR-483-5p and new-onset diabetes (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.06–3.56, p = 0.032) and cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.06–3.75, p = 0.033) during 3.7 (± 1.3) years of follow-up. Furthermore, miR-483-5p was significantly related with maximum intima-media thickness of the carotid bulb in MDC-CC (p = 0.001), but not in MOS, whereas it was associated with increasing number of plaques in MOS (p = 0.007). Conclusion miR-483-5p is related to an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk factor profile and predicts diabetes and CAD, possibly through an effect on atherosclerosis. Our results encourage further studies of possible underlying mechanisms and means of modifying miR-483-5p as a possible interventional target in prevention of cardiometabolic disease.

scholarly journals The epidemiology of schizophrenia: replacing dogma with knowledge

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

Major advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology of schizophrenia. We now know that the disorder is more common and severe in young men, and that the incidence varies geographically and temporally. Risk factors have been elucidated; biological risks include a family history of the disorder, advanced paternal age, obstetric complications, and abuse of drugs such as stimulants and cannabis. In addition, recent research has also identified social risk factors such as being born and brought up in a city, migration, and certain types of childhood adversity such as physical abuse and bullying, as well as social isolation and adverse events in adult life. Current research is focussing on the significance of minor psychotic symptoms in the general population, gene-environmental interaction, and how risk factors impact on pathogenesis; perhaps all risk factors ultimately impact on striatal dopamine as the final common pathway.

Meditation and psychosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1200-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gonzalez Vives ◽  
J. Garcia-Albea Martin ◽  
H. Trebbau ◽  
J.J. López-Ibor Aliño
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Buddhist Meditation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
San Carlos

IntroductionFor the last years, there has been a wordlwide increase in the interest of oriental culture, specifically in the practice of meditation. This technic is known to produce cognitive and sensorial perception alterations, with changes in the hormonal and autonomic system. This practice has been associated with different mental disorders such as neurotic manifestations, dissociative and regressive, and even psychotic symptoms.ObjectivesTo analyze the influence of an intensive practice of different styles of meditation in the psychopathology found in our patients (Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid). To study the changes produced in the Central Nervous System measured by Electroencephalogram, PET, and functional MRI.AimsTo define the clinical characteristics, prognois, risk factors and biological changes of an “atypical” psycopathologic case which seems to be more frequent everyday.MethodsExtensive bibliographic review focused in psychopathology related to different types of meditation, either auto or hetero-induced (exorcism). We analyzed the patients attended in our hospital with psychotic semiology after having practiced intensive types of meditacion (transcendental meditation, buddhist meditation, tai-chi, qi-gong, tiao-shen, etc).ResultsWe found serious psychotic and affective symptomatology produced after using these technics. It is important to point out the risk factors and traumatic experiences characteristic of these processes.ConclusionsThere is clinical and epidemiological evidence that a group of psychosis, with different symptomatology and prognosis than schizophrenia and affective disorders, exists. We describe a syndrome of sudden manifestation, with flourished symptoms and serious behavior alterations, etc.

scholarly journals A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2571-2582 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wild ◽  
K. V. Smith ◽  
E. Thompson ◽  
F. Béar ◽  
M. J. J. Lommen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundIt is unclear which potentially modifiable risk factors best predict post-trauma psychiatric disorders. We aimed to identify pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depression (MD) that could be targeted with resilience interventions.MethodNewly recruited paramedics (n = 453) were assessed for history of mental disorders with structured clinical interviews within the first week of their paramedic training and completed self-report measures to assess hypothesized predictors. Participants were assessed every 4 months for 2 years to identify any episodes of PTSD and MD; 386 paramedics (85.2%) participated in the follow-up interviews.ResultsIn all, 32 participants (8.3%) developed an episode of PTSD and 41 (10.6%) an episode of MD during follow-up. In all but nine cases (2.3%), episodes had remitted by the next assessment 4 months later. At 2 years, those with episodes of PTSD or MD during follow-up reported more days off work, poorer sleep, poorer quality of life, greater burn-out; and greater weight-gain for those with PTSD. In line with theories of PTSD and depression, analyses controlling for psychiatric and trauma history identified several pre-trauma predictors (cognitive styles, coping styles and psychological traits). Logistic regressions showed that rumination about memories of stressful events at the start of training uniquely predicted an episode of PTSD. Perceived resilience uniquely predicted an episode of MD.ConclusionsParticipants at risk of developing episodes of PTSD or depression could be identified within the first week of paramedic training. Cognitive predictors of episodes of PTSD and MD are promising targets for resilience interventions.

scholarly journals Evidence that the outcome of developmental expression of psychosis is worse for adolescents growing up in an urban environment

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANNEKE SPAUWEN ◽  
LYDIA KRABBENDAM ◽  
ROSELIND LIEB ◽  
HANS-ULRICH WITTCHEN ◽  
JIM VAN OS
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Psychosis Proneness

Background. The urban environment may increase the risk for psychotic disorder in interaction with pre-existing risk for psychosis, but direct confirmation has been lacking. The hypothesis was examined that the outcome of subclinical expression of psychosis during adolescence, as an indicator of psychosis-proneness, would be worse for those growing up in an urban environment, in terms of having a greater probability of psychosis persistence over a 3·5-year period.Method. A cohort of 918 adolescents from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), aged 14–17 years (mean 15·1 years), growing up in contrasting urban and non-urban environments, completed a self-report measure of psychotic symptoms at baseline (Baseline Psychosis) and at first follow-up around 1 year post-baseline (T1). They were again interviewed by trained psychologists for the presence of psychotic symptoms at the second follow-up on average 3·5 years post-baseline (T2).Results. The rate of T2 psychotic symptoms was 14·2% in those exposed to neither Baseline Psychosis nor Urbanicity, 12·1% in those exposed to Urbanicity alone, 14·9% in those exposed to Baseline Psychosis alone and 29·0% in those exposed to both Baseline Psychosis and Urbanicity. The odds ratio (OR) for the combined exposure was 2·46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·46–4·14], significantly greater than that expected if Urbanicity and Baseline Psychosis acted independently.Conclusion. These findings support the suggestion that the outcome of the developmental expression of psychosis is worse in urban environments. The environment may impact on risk for psychotic disorder by causing an abnormal persistence of a developmentally common expression of psychotic experiences.

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model of psychotic disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van Os ◽  
R. J. Linscott ◽  
I. Myin-Germeys ◽  
P. Delespaul ◽  
L. Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Psychosis Proneness ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
Male Sex

A systematic review of all reported incidence and prevalence studies of population rates of subclinical psychotic experiences reveals a median prevalence rate of around 5% and a median incidence rate of around 3%. A meta-analysis of risk factors reveals associations with developmental stage, child and adult social adversity, psychoactive drug use, and also male sex and migrant status. The small difference between prevalence and incidence rates, together with data from follow-up studies, indicates that approximately 75–90% of developmental psychotic experiences are transitory and disappear over time. There is evidence, however, that transitory developmental expression of psychosis (psychosis proneness) may become abnormally persistent (persistence) and subsequently clinically relevant (impairment), depending on the degree of environmental risk the person is additionally exposed to. The psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model considers genetic background factors impacting on a broadly distributed and transitory population expression of psychosis during development, poor prognosis of which, in terms of persistence and clinical need, is predicted by environmental exposure interacting with genetic risk.

Evidence that genes for depression impact on the pathway from trauma to psychotic-like symptoms by occasioning emotional dysregulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. A. Kramer ◽  
C. J. P. Simons ◽  
I. Myin-Germeys ◽  
N. Jacobs ◽  
C. Derom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Genetic Liability

BackgroundGenes for depression may act by making individuals more sensitive to childhood trauma. Given that childhood adversity is a risk factor for adult psychosis and symptoms of depression and psychosis tend to cluster within individuals and families, the aim was to examine whether the association between childhood adversity and psychotic-like symptoms is moderated by genetic liability for depression. A secondary aim was to determine to what degree a depression-related increase in stress sensitivity or depressive symptoms themselves occasioned the moderating effect.MethodFemale twins (n=508) completed both prospective and retrospective questionnaires regarding childhood adversity [the Symptom Checklist-90 – Revised (SCL-90-R) and SCID-I (psychotic symptoms)] and psychotic trait liability [the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE)]. Stress sensitivity was indexed by appraisals of event-related stress and negative affect (NA) in the flow of daily life, assessed with momentary assessment technology for five consecutive days. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine moderation of childhood adversity by genetic liability for depression in the prediction of follow-up psychotic experiences.ResultsThe effect of childhood adversity was significantly moderated by genetic vulnerability for depression in the model of both follow-up psychotic experiences (SCL-90-R) and follow-up psychotic trait liability (CAPE). The moderation by genetic liability was mediated by depressive experience but not by stress sensitivity.ConclusionsGenetic liability for depression may potentiate the pathway from childhood adversity to psychotic-like symptoms through dysfunctional emotional processing of anomalous experiences associated with childhood trauma.

Psychotic experiences, alcohol–cannabis abuse, stressful events and familial risk is associated with onset of clinical psychosis: Evidence from a 6-year longitudinal population-based cohort

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S216-S217
Author(s):  
U. Kirli ◽  
T. Binbay ◽  
H. Elbi ◽  
B. Kayahan ◽  
J. van Os ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Cannabis Abuse ◽  
Psychosis Proneness ◽  
Environmental Interactions

IntroductionBoth clinical and subclinical psychosis is probably a consequence of underlying genetic and environmental interactions.ObjectivesDefining differential impact of environmental/familial risk factors and psychotic experiences across the onset of clinical psychosis.AimsTo assess mental health outcomes in a 6-year follow-up of a representative general population sample with a special focus on extended psychosis phenotype.MethodsAddresses were contacted in multistage clustered area probability sampling frame covering 9 districts and 302 neighbourhoods (n: 4011) at baseline (T1) and 6 years after (n: 2142) (T2). Psychotic experiences were screened with Composite International Diagnostic Interview and probable cases were re-interviewed with SCID-I. Relations were tested using logistic regression models.ResultsOf subclinical psychotic symptoms at baseline, 6.4% transitioned to clinical psychosis; 44.4% persisted, 90.2% transitioned to any DSM disorder. Of newly onset clinical psychosis at T2, 62.8% had subclinical psychotic expressions at baseline. The risk of developing clinical psychosis was greater in those with baseline subclinical psychotic experiences, alcohol–cannabis abuse, stressful-forensic event history and family history of mental disorders. Most of risk factors associated with psychosis proneness at T1 were also associated with clinical psychotic outcome at T2 (Table 1).ConclusionsPsychotic experiences takes attention for the risk to develop psychosis due to underlying genetic and environmental interactions; also may be an important risk factor to develop any mental disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Self-reported psychotic symptoms in the general population

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Wiles ◽  
Stanley Zammit ◽  
Paul Bebbington ◽  
Nicola Singleton ◽  
Howard Meltzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
General Population ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Small Primary ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Primary Support

BackgroundScarce longitudinal data exist on the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in the general population.AimsTo estimate the incidence of, and risk factors for, self-reported psychotic symptoms in Great Britain.MethodData from the 18-month follow-up of a national survey were used. Incident cases were those who endorsed one or more items on the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire at follow-up, but not at baseline. The association between factors recorded at baseline and incident self-reported symptoms was examined.ResultsAt follow-up, 4.4% of the general population reported incident psychotic symptoms. Six factors were independently associated with incident symptoms: living in a rural area; having a small primary support group; more adverse life events; smoking tobacco; neurotic symptoms; and engaging in a harmful pattern of drinking.ConclusionsA small but not insignificant percentage of the population of Great Britain reported incident psychotic symptoms over 18 months. The risk factors for psychotic symptoms showed some similarities with risk factors for schizophrenia, but there were also some striking differences. The relationship between such risk factors and the factors that perpetuate psychotic symptoms remains to be ascertained.

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