Evidence that genes for depression impact on the pathway from trauma to psychotic-like symptoms by occasioning emotional dysregulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. A. Kramer ◽  
C. J. P. Simons ◽  
I. Myin-Germeys ◽  
N. Jacobs ◽  
C. Derom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Genetic Liability

BackgroundGenes for depression may act by making individuals more sensitive to childhood trauma. Given that childhood adversity is a risk factor for adult psychosis and symptoms of depression and psychosis tend to cluster within individuals and families, the aim was to examine whether the association between childhood adversity and psychotic-like symptoms is moderated by genetic liability for depression. A secondary aim was to determine to what degree a depression-related increase in stress sensitivity or depressive symptoms themselves occasioned the moderating effect.MethodFemale twins (n=508) completed both prospective and retrospective questionnaires regarding childhood adversity [the Symptom Checklist-90 – Revised (SCL-90-R) and SCID-I (psychotic symptoms)] and psychotic trait liability [the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE)]. Stress sensitivity was indexed by appraisals of event-related stress and negative affect (NA) in the flow of daily life, assessed with momentary assessment technology for five consecutive days. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine moderation of childhood adversity by genetic liability for depression in the prediction of follow-up psychotic experiences.ResultsThe effect of childhood adversity was significantly moderated by genetic vulnerability for depression in the model of both follow-up psychotic experiences (SCL-90-R) and follow-up psychotic trait liability (CAPE). The moderation by genetic liability was mediated by depressive experience but not by stress sensitivity.ConclusionsGenetic liability for depression may potentiate the pathway from childhood adversity to psychotic-like symptoms through dysfunctional emotional processing of anomalous experiences associated with childhood trauma.

scholarly journals Interaction between polygenic liability for schizophrenia and childhood adversity influences daily-life emotional dysregulation and psychosis proneness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta-Katrin Pries ◽  
Boris Klingenberg ◽  
Claudia Menne-Lothmann ◽  
Jeroen Decoster ◽  
Ruud van Winkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Life Stressors ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Psychosis Proneness

AbstractBackgroundThe earliest stages of the pluripotent psychopathology on the pathway to psychotic disorders is represented by emotional dysregulation and subtle psychosis expression, which can be measured using the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). However, it is not clear to what degree common genetic and environmental risk factors for psychosis contribute to variation in these early expressions of psychopathology.MethodsIn this largest ever EMA study of a general population twin cohort including 593 adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 and 35 years, we tested whether polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-S) interacts with childhood adversity (the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire score) and daily-life stressors to influence momentary mental state domains (negative affect, positive affect, and subtle psychosis expression) and stress-sensitivity measures.ResultsBoth childhood adversity and daily-life stressors were associated with increased negative affect, decreased positive affect, and increased subtle psychosis expression, while PRS-S was only associated with increased positive affect. No gene–environment correlation was detected. We have provided novel evidence for interaction effects between PRS-S and childhood adversity to influence momentary mental states [negative affect (b = 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.13, P = 0.013), positive affect (b = −0.05, 95% CI −0.10 to −0.00, P = 0.043), and subtle psychosis expression (b = 0.11, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.19, P = 0.007)] and stress-sensitivity measures.ConclusionExposure to childhood adversities, particularly in individuals with high PRS-S, is pleiotropically associated with emotional dysregulation and psychosis proneness.

scholarly journals Evidence for interaction between genetic liability and childhood trauma in the development of psychotic symptoms

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentina M. E. Pinckaers ◽  
Iris L. M. Rotee ◽  
C. Vicky Nwosu ◽  
Pauline Krolinski ◽  
Antonius P. W. Smeets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Genetic Liability

scholarly journals Stress reactivity as a putative mechanism linking childhood trauma with clinical outcomes in individuals at ultra-high-risk for psychosis: Findings from the EU-GEI High Risk Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Paetzold ◽  
I. Myin-Germeys ◽  
A. Schick ◽  
B. Nelson ◽  
E. Velthorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Putative Mechanism ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Aims Childhood trauma is associated with an elevated risk for psychosis, but the psychological mechanisms involved remain largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate emotional and psychotic stress reactivity in daily life as a putative mechanism linking childhood trauma and clinical outcomes in individuals at ultra-high-risk (UHR) for psychosis. Methods Experience sampling methodology was used to measure momentary stress, affect and psychotic experiences in the daily life of N = 79 UHR individuals in the EU-GEI High Risk Study. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess self-reported childhood trauma. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, 1- and 2-year follow-up. Results The association of stress with positive (β = −0.14, p = 0.010) and negative affect (β = 0.11, p = 0.020) was modified by transition status such that stress reactivity was greater in individuals who transitioned to psychosis. Moreover, the association of stress with negative affect (β = 0.06, p = 0.019) and psychotic experiences (β = 0.05, p = 0.037) was greater in individuals exposed to high v. low levels of childhood trauma. We also found evidence that decreased positive affect in response to stress was associated with reduced functioning at 1-year follow-up (B = 6.29, p = 0.034). In addition, there was evidence that the association of childhood trauma with poor functional outcomes was mediated by stress reactivity (e.g. indirect effect: B = −2.13, p = 0.026), but no evidence that stress reactivity mediated the association between childhood trauma and transition (e.g. indirect effect: B = 0.14, p = 0.506). Conclusions Emotional and psychotic stress reactivity may be potential mechanisms linking childhood trauma with clinical outcomes in UHR individuals.

scholarly journals Stress reactivity as a putative mechanism linking childhood trauma with clinical outcomes in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Findings from the EU-GEI High Risk Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell Pätzold ◽  
Inez Myin-Germeys ◽  
Anita Schick ◽  
Barnaby Nelson ◽  
Eva Velthorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Putative Mechanism ◽  
The Eu

Childhood trauma is associated with an elevated risk for psychosis, but the psychological mechanisms involved remain largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate emotional and psychotic stress reactivity in daily life as a putative mechanism linking childhood trauma and clinical outcomes in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. Experience sampling methodology was used to measure momentary stress, affect and psychotic experiences in the daily life of N=79 UHR individuals in the EU-GEI High Risk study. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess self-reported childhood trauma. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, 1- and 2-year follow-up. The association of stress with positive (β=-0.14, P=.010) and negative affect (β=0.11, P=.020) was modified by transition status such that stress reactivity was greater in individuals who transitioned to psychosis. Moreover, the association of stress with negative affect (β=0.06, P=.019) and psychotic experiences (β=0.05, P=.037) was greater in individuals exposed to high vs. low levels of childhood trauma. We also found evidence that decreased positive affect in response to stress was associated with reduced functioning at 1-year follow-up (B=6.29, P=.034). In addition, there was evidence that the association of childhood trauma with poor functional outcomes was mediated by stress reactivity (e.g. Bindirect effect =-2.13, P=.026), but no evidence that stress reactivity mediated the association between childhood trauma and transition (e.g. Bindirect effect=0.14, P=.506). Emotional and psychotic stress reactivity may be potential mechanisms linking childhood trauma with clinical outcomes in UHR individuals.

Is sensitivity to daily stress predictive of onset or persistence of psychopathology?

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Vaessen ◽  
M. van Nierop ◽  
J. Decoster ◽  
P. Delespaul ◽  
C. Derom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Categorical Approach ◽  
Daily Stressors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
One Year

AbstractPurpose:The aim of the current study was to replicate findings in adults indicating that higher sensitivity to stressful events is predictive of both onset and persistence of psychopathological symptoms in a sample of adolescents and young adults. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that sensitivity to mild stressors in particular is predictive of the developmental course of psychopathology.Methods:We analyzed experience sampling and questionnaire data collected at baseline and one-year follow-up of 445 adolescent and young adult twins and non-twin siblings (age range: 15–34). Linear multilevel regression was used for the replication analyses. To test if affective sensitivity to mild stressors in particular was associated with follow-up symptoms, we used a categorical approach adding variables on affective sensitivity to mild, moderate and severe daily stressors to the model.Results:Linear analyses showed that emotional stress reactivity was not associated with onset (ß = .02; P = .56) or persistence (ß = -.01; P = .78) of symptoms. There was a significant effect of baseline symptom score (ß = .53; P < .001) and average negative affect (NA: ß = .19; P < .001) on follow-up symptoms. Using the categorical approach, we found that affective sensitivity to mild (ß = .25; P < .001), but not moderate (ß = -.03; P = .65) or severe (ß = -.06; P = .42), stressors was associated with symptom persistence one year later.Discussion:We were unable to replicate previous findings relating stress sensitivity linearly to symptom onset or persistence in a younger sample. Whereas sensitivity to more severe stressors may reflect adaptive coping, high sensitivity to the mildest of daily stressors may indicate an increased risk for psychopathology.

scholarly journals Psychotic symptoms in young adults exposed to childhood trauma—A 20year follow-up study

2011 ◽  
Vol 127 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherrie Galletly ◽  
Miranda Van Hooff ◽  
Alexander McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Follow Up Study

scholarly journals Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of threat and deprivation on cognition, emotional processing and psychopathology in children and adolescents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Luiza Schäfer ◽  
Katie A. McLaughlin ◽  
Gisele Gus Manfro ◽  
Pedro Pan ◽  
Luis Augusto Rohde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Longitudinal Associations

AbstractBackgroundExposure to childhood adversity has been consistently associated with poor developmental outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations vary across different forms of adversity. We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between two types of adversity—threat and deprivation—with cognition, emotional processing, and psychopathology in a middle-income country.MethodsThe sample consisted of 2,511 children and adolescents (6-17 years old) from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Psychiatric Disorders. Parent reports on childhood adversity were used to construct threat and deprivation latent constructs. Psychopathology was measured by the CBCL which generated a measure of general psychopathology (the “p” factor). Executive function (EF) and attention orienting toward angry faces were assessed using cognitive tasks. All measures were acquired at two time-points 3-years apart. Cross-lagged panel models were estimated to evaluate longitudinal associations.ResultsPsychopathology was associated with threat and deprivation cross-sectionally, and higher levels of threat and deprivation predicted increases in general psychopathology at follow-up. For EF, worse performance was more strongly associated with deprivation than threat at baseline, and only with deprivation at follow-up. Deprivation was associated with attention orienting away from angry faces cross-sectionally, but neither form of adversity was associated with changes over time in attention bias.ConclusionBoth types of adversity are associated with current and future psychopathology and with current, but not future, EF. Threat was more strongly linked to higher psychopathology, whereas deprivation was more strongly linked to lower EF. Lack of longitudinal associations between deprivation and EF mean reverse causality cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Transition from stress sensitivity to a depressive state: longitudinal twin study

2009 ◽  
Vol 195 (6) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Wichers ◽  
Nicole Geschwind ◽  
Nele Jacobs ◽  
Gunter Kenis ◽  
Frenk Peeters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Major Life Events ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Genetic Liability ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

BackgroundDaily-life stress sensitivity is associated with depression, but prospective data are lacking.AimsTo examine associations between baseline ecological daily-life stress sensitivity and later depression, and to identify genetic and non-genetic factors moderating the transition from stress sensitivity to depression.MethodDaily-life stress sensitivity was assessed at baseline in twins (n = 502). One baseline and four follow-up measurements of depressive symptoms and negative life events were collected, as well as interview-based diagnoses at baseline and last follow-up. Hypothesised genetic markers were determined.ResultsBaseline stress sensitivity was associated with increased depressive symptoms at follow-up and risk of major depressive disorder. Both genetic liability and major life events moderated the probability of transition from stress sensitivity to depression.ConclusionsOnset of depression is attributable to pre-onset ecological measurements of stress sensitivity, particularly where genetic liability is high and individuals have reached a stage where the influence of competing environmental causes is low.

scholarly journals ‘False-positive’ self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: an investigation of outcome, predictive factors and clinical relevance

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. van der Steen ◽  
I. Myin-Germeys ◽  
M. van Nierop ◽  
M. ten Have ◽  
R. de Graaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Clinical Interview ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Mood And Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Over Time

Aims.Self-reported psychotic experiences (SRPE) by individuals from the general population are often unconfirmed by clinical interview and referred to as ‘false-positive’ (FP) SRPE. FP SRPE have been suggested to represent the mildest form of risk along the extended psychosis continuum. However, little is known about their (clinical) outcome and evolution over time. Aims of this study were to prospectively examine, in individuals with FP SRPE, (1) the prevalence of remission, persistence and transition to validated PE at 3-year follow-up; (2) potential baseline psychopathological and psychosocial predictors of persistence of FP SRPE and transition to validated PE; and (3) whether those with persistent FP SRPE and validated PE already differed on psychopathology and psychosocial factors at baseline. We tested the hypotheses that (i) individuals with FP SRPE would be more likely to have SRPE and validated PE at follow-up; and (ii) that FP SRPE would be predictive of lower functioning and more psychopathology and help-seeking behaviour at follow-up.Methods.Baseline (n = 6646) and 3-year follow-up (n = 5303) data of the second the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-2), a general population research project on prevalence, incidence, course and consequences of psychiatric disorders was used. Self-report of PE was followed by clinical interview to determine clinical validity. The presence of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders, childhood adversity, help-seeking and functioning as well as PE characteristics (number, frequency, distress and impact) were used in the analyses which included only individuals with complete data for both assessments waves (n = 4683).Results.At baseline, 454 participants had any FP SRPE; of these 372 participants had complete follow-up data available. Those with baseline FP SRPE were significantly more likely to report SRPE (OR = 3.58; 95% CI 2.38–5.40, p < 0.001) and validated PE (OR = 6.26; 95% CI 3.91–10.02, p < 0.001) at follow-up. Baseline FP SRPE also predicted the presence of mood and anxiety disorders, reduced functioning and help-seeking at follow-up. Several baseline psychopathological, psychosocial and PE characteristics were predictive for the persistence of SRPE. These factors also differentiated groups with FP SRPE or validated PE from those with remitted FP SRPE at follow-up.Conclusions.‘FP SRPE’ are not truly ‘false’ as they index risk for the development of clinically relevant psychotic symptoms, development of mood and anxiety disorders and reduced functioning. Self-reported PE, even unconfirmed, warrant ‘watchful waiting’ and follow-up over time, especially when they are reported by individuals with reduced psychosocial functioning and general psychiatric problems.

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