L-rhamnose and L-fucose are the two main 6-deoxyhexoses
Escherichia coli
can use as carbon and energy sources. Deoxyhexose metabolism leads to the formation of lactaldehyde whose fate depends on oxygen availability. Under anaerobic conditions, lactaldehyde is reduced to 1,2-propanediol whereas under aerobic condition, it should be oxidised into lactate and then channelled into the central metabolism. However, although this all-or-nothing view is accepted in the literature, it seems overly simplistic since propanediol is also reported to be present in the culture medium during aerobic growth on L-fucose. To clarify the functioning of 6-deoxyhexose sugar metabolism, a quantitative metabolic analysis was performed to determine extra- and intracellular fluxes in
E. coli
K-12 MG1655 (a laboratory strain) and in
E. coli
Nissle 1917 (a human commensal strain) during anaerobic and aerobic growth on L-rhamnose and L-fucose. As expected, lactaldehyde is fully reduced to 1,2-propanediol in anoxic conditions allowing complete reoxidation of the NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase. We also found that net ATP synthesis is ensured by acetate production. More surprisingly, lactaldehyde is also primarily reduced into 1,2-propanediol under aerobic conditions. For growth on L-fucose,
13
C-metabolic flux analysis revealed a large excess of available energy, highlighting the need to better characterize ATP utilization processes. The probiotic
E. coli
Nissle 1917 strain exhibits similar metabolic traits, indicating that they are not the result of the K-12 strain’s prolonged laboratory use.
IMPORTANCE
E. coli
’s ability to survive, grow and colonize the gastrointestinal tract stems from its use of partially digested food and hydrolysed glycosylated proteins (mucins) from the intestinal mucus layer as substrates. These include L-fucose and L-rhamnose, two 6-deoxyhexose sugars, whose catabolic pathways have been established by genetic and biochemical studies. However, the functioning of these pathways has only partially been elucidated. Our quantitative metabolic analysis provides a comprehensive picture of 6-deoxyhexose sugar metabolism in
E. coli
under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. We found that 1,2-propanediol is a major by-product under both conditions, revealing the key role of fermentative pathways in 6-deoxyhexose sugar metabolism. This metabolic trait is shared by both
E. coli
strains studied here, a laboratory strain and a probiotic strain. Our findings add to our understanding of
E. coli
’s metabolism and of its functioning in the bacterium’s natural environment.
Molecular Basis for Anaerobic Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Xylose, Investigated by Global Gene Expression and Metabolic Flux Analysis
