Structural difference of gas coal separation components and its effect on sulfur transformation during pyrolysis of high sulfur coal

Tea polysaccharides (TPSs) are one of the main bioactive constituents of tea with various biological activities such as hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory. The bioactivities of TPSs are directly associated with their structures such as chemical composition, molecular weight, glycosidic linkages, and conformation among others. To study the relationship between the structures of TPSs and their bioactivities, it is essential to elucidate the structure of TPSs, particularly the fine structures. Due to the vast variation nature of monosaccharide units and their connections, the structure of TPSs is extremely complex, which is also affected by several major factors including tea species, processing technologies of tea and isolation methods of TPSs. As a result of the complexity, there are few studies on their fine structures and chain conformation. In the present review, we aim to provide a detailed summary of the multiple factors influencing the characteristics of TPS chemical structures such as variations of tea species, degree of fermentation, and preparation methods among others as well as their applications. The main aspects of understanding the structural difference of TPSs and influencing factors are to assist the study of the structure and bioactivity relationship and ultimately, to control the production of the targeted TPSs with the most desired biological activity.

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Localization of the structural difference between bovine blood coagulation factors X1 and X2 to tyrosine 18 in the activation peptide.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35614-4 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 261 (9) ◽

pp. 4008-4014 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T Morita ◽

C M Jackson

Keyword(s):

Blood Coagulation ◽

Structural Difference ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Bovine Blood ◽

Blood Coagulation Factors ◽

Activation Peptide

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Evaluation of grey and white matter structural difference between hot water epilepsy and Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy with multimodal multivariate approach using MCCA and joint ICA

Journal of the Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.367 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 405 ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

R. Kenchaiah ◽

C. Ravindranadh ◽

L.G. Viswanathan ◽

G.K. Bhargava ◽

B. Rose Dawn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Structural Difference ◽

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy ◽

Hot Water ◽

Myoclonic Epilepsy ◽

Multivariate Approach

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Friend or Foe? Impacts of Dietary Xylans, Xylooligosaccharides, and Xylanases on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Monogastric Animals

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030609 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 609

Author(s):

Jonathan T. Baker ◽

Marcos E. Duarte ◽

Debora M. Holanda ◽

Sung Woo Kim

Keyword(s):

Crop Residues ◽

Structural Difference ◽

Nutrient Release ◽

Food Product ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Intestinal Health ◽

Sustainable Food ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact

This paper discusses the structural difference and role of xylan, procedures involved in the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and their implementation into animal feeds. Xylan is non-starch polysaccharides that share a β-(1-4)-linked xylopyranose backbone as a common feature. Due to the myriad of residues that can be substituted on the polymers within the xylan family, more anti-nutritional factors are associated with certain types of xylan than others. XOS are sugar oligomers extracted from xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials, such as crop residues, wood, and herbaceous biomass, that possess prebiotic effects. XOS can also be produced in the intestine of monogastric animals to some extent when exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase, are added to the feed. Xylanase supplementation is a common practice within both swine and poultry production to reduce intestinal viscosity and improve digestive utilization of nutrients. The efficacy of xylanase supplementation varies widely due a number of factors, one of which being the presence of xylanase inhibitors present in common feedstuffs. The use of prebiotics in animal feeding is gaining popularity as producers look to accelerate growth rate, enhance intestinal health, and improve other production parameters in an attempt to provide a safe and sustainable food product. Available research on the impact of xylan, XOS, as well as xylanase on the growth and health of swine and poultry, is also summarized. The response to xylanase supplementation in swine and poultry feeds is highly variable and whether the benefits are a result of nutrient release from NSP, reduction in digesta viscosity, production of short chain xylooligosaccharides or a combination of these is still in question. XOS supplementation seems to benefit both swine and poultry at various stages of production, as well as varying levels of XOS purity and degree of polymerization; however, further research is needed to elucidate the ideal dosage, purity, and degree of polymerization needed to confer benefits on intestinal health and performance in each respective species.

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Hybrid institutional complexes in global governance

The Review of International Organizations ◽

10.1007/s11558-021-09431-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth W. Abbott ◽

Benjamin Faude

Keyword(s):

Global Governance ◽

Research Agenda ◽

Structural Difference ◽

Functional Differentiation ◽

World Politics ◽

Intergovernmental Organizations ◽

The Core ◽

Institutional Strategies

AbstractMost issue areas in world politics today are governed neither by individual institutions nor by regime complexes composed of formal interstate institutions. Rather, they are governed by “hybrid institutional complexes” (HICs) comprising heterogeneous interstate, infra-state, public–private and private transnational institutions, formal and informal. We develop the concept of the HIC as a novel descriptive and analytical lens for the study of contemporary global governance. The core structural difference between HICs and regime complexes is the greater diversity of institutional forms within HICs. Because of that diversity, HICs operate differently than regime complexes in two significant ways: (1) HICs exhibit relatively greater functional differentiation among their component institutions, and hence suffer from relatively fewer overlapping claims to authority; and (2) HICs exhibit greater informal hierarchy among their component institutions, and hence benefit from greater ordering. Both are systemic features. HICs have characteristic governance benefits: they offer good “substantive fit” for multi-faceted governance problems and good “political fit” for the preferences of diverse constituents; constrain conflictive cross-institutional strategies; and are conducive to mechanisms of coordination, which enhance substantive coherence. Yet HICs also pose characteristic governance risks: individual institutions may take on aspects of problems for which they are ill-suited; multiple institutions may create confusion; HICs can amplify conflict and contestation rather than constraining them; and the “soft” institutions within HICs can reduce the focality of incumbent treaties and intergovernmental organizations and forestall the establishment of new ones. We outline a continuing research agenda for exploring the structures, operations and governance implications of HICs.

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Formation and structure of polymeric carbons

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1972.0060 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 327 (1571) ◽

pp. 501-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Keyword(s):

Glassy Carbon ◽

Molecular Orientation ◽

Early Stage ◽

Structural Difference ◽

Direct Consequence ◽

High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽

Polymer Chains ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Ribbon Structure ◽

Phenolic Polymer

Glassy carbon has been prepared in the shape of disk and fibre by direct pyrolysis of a phenolic resin. Carbonization studies indicate that the unique structure of the final glassy carbon is a direct consequence of the production of very stable aromatic ribbon molecules by the coalescence of phenolic polymer chains at an early stage of pyrolysis. It is shown that molecular orientation induced in the initial polymer before pyrolysis is 'memorized’ to some extent after carbonization. Molecular orientation imposed in this type of carbon is not an intrinsic structural feature, but a physical characteristic which can be varied by the formation process or by extension at high temperatures; there is no essential structural difference apart from preferred orientation between polymeric units or microfibrils in well-oriented carbon fibres and isotropic glassy carbon. High resolution electron microscopy confirms this directly. We thus identify a new class of ‘polymeric carbons’, that consist of intertwined microfibrils comprising stacks of narrow graphitic ribbons. The fibrils are held together with covalent interfibrillar links of strength lower than that in the ribbons themselves. A ribbon structure has been proposed previously by Ruland (1971) for the specific case of high modulus carbon fibre. The structure is elaborated and extended here to cover all polymeric carbons and the steps in its development during carbonization are decisively detailed.

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