Chapter 6 New Insights into Melanosome Transport in Vertebrate Pigment Cells

2008 ◽  
pp. 245-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Aspengren ◽  
Daniel Hedberg ◽  
Helen Nilsson Sköld ◽  
Margareta Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Cells

scholarly journals The Effect of an Anthropogenic Magnetic Field on the Early Developmental Stages of Fishes—A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Formicki ◽  
Agata Korzelecka-Orkisz ◽  
Adam Tański
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Egg Activation ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Early Developmental

The number of sources of anthropogenic magnetic and electromagnetic fields generated by various underwater facilities, industrial equipment, and transferring devices in aquatic environment is increasing. These have an effect on an array of fish life processes, but especially the early developmental stages. The magnitude of these effects depends on field strength and time of exposure and is species-specific. We review studies on the effect of magnetic fields on the course of embryogenesis, with special reference to survival, the size of the embryos, embryonic motor function, changes in pigment cells, respiration hatching, and directional reactions. We also describe the effect of magnetic fields on sperm motility and egg activation. Magnetic fields can exert positive effects, as in the case of the considerable extension of sperm capability of activation, or have a negative influence in the form of a disturbance in heart rate or developmental instability in inner ear organs.

scholarly journals Nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors contribute extracutaneous melanocytes to the heart, inner ear, supraorbital locations and brain meninges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marketa Kaucka ◽  
Bara Szarowska ◽  
Michaela Kavkova ◽  
Maria Eleni Kastriti ◽  
Polina Kameneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Hearing Function ◽  
Embryonic Origin ◽  
Schwann Cell Precursors ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects

AbstractMelanocytes are pigmented cells residing mostly in the skin and hair follicles of vertebrates, where they contribute to colouration and protection against UV-B radiation. However, the spectrum of their functions reaches far beyond that. For instance, these pigment-producing cells are found inside the inner ear, where they contribute to the hearing function, and in the heart, where they are involved in the electrical conductivity and support the stiffness of cardiac valves. The embryonic origin of such extracutaneous melanocytes is not clear. We took advantage of lineage-tracing experiments combined with 3D visualizations and gene knockout strategies to address this long-standing question. We revealed that Schwann cell precursors are recruited from the local innervation during embryonic development and give rise to extracutaneous melanocytes in the heart, brain meninges, inner ear, and other locations. In embryos with a knockout of the EdnrB receptor, a condition imitating Waardenburg syndrome, we observed only nerve-associated melanoblasts, which failed to detach from the nerves and to enter the inner ear. Finally, we looked into the evolutionary aspects of extracutaneous melanocytes and found that pigment cells are associated mainly with nerves and blood vessels in amphibians and fish. This new knowledge of the nerve-dependent origin of extracutaneous pigment cells might be directly relevant to the formation of extracutaneous melanoma in humans.

scholarly journals Strain difference in transgene-induced tumorigenesis and suppressive effect of ionizing radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Bibek Dutta ◽  
Taichi Asami ◽  
Tohru Imatomi ◽  
Kento Igarashi ◽  
Kento Nagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Pigment Cell ◽  
Strain Difference ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Model System ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Genome Information

Abstract Transgenic expression in medaka of the Xiphophorus oncogene xmrk, under a pigment cell specific mitf promoter, induces hyperpigmentation and pigment cell tumors. In this study, we crossed the Hd-rR and HNI inbred strains because complete genome information is readily available for molecular and genetic analysis. We prepared an Hd-rR (p53+/−, p53−/−) and Hd-rR HNI hybrid (p53+/−) fish-based xmrk model system to study the progression of pigment cells from hyperpigmentation to malignant tumors on different genetic backgrounds. In all strains examined, most of the initial hyperpigmentation occurred in the posterior region. On the Hd-rR background, mitf:xmrk-induced tumorigenesis was less frequent in p53+/− fish than in p53−/− fish. The incidence of hyperpigmentation was more frequent in Hd-rR/HNI hybrids than in Hd-rR homozygotes; however, the frequency of malignant tumors was low, which suggested the presence of a tumor suppressor in HNI genetic background fish. The effects on tumorigenesis in xmrk-transgenic immature medaka of a single 1.3 Gy irradiation was assessed by quantifying tumor progression over 4 consecutive months. The results demonstrate that irradiation has a different level of suppressive effect on the frequency of hyperpigmentation in purebred Hd-rR compared with hybrids.

Introduction: Biology of pigment cells in fish

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masazumi Sugimoto ◽  
Noriko Oshima
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Cells

scholarly journals INHERITED RETINAL DYSTROPHY IN THE RAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Dowling ◽  
Richard L. Sidman
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Retinal Dystrophy ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Outer Segments ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Retinal Rods ◽  
Microscopy Data

Retinal dystrophies, known in man, dog, mouse, and rat, involve progressive loss of photoreceptor cells with onset during or soon after the developmental period. Functional (electroretinogram), chemical (rhodopsin analyses) and morphological (light and electron microscopy) data obtained in the rat indicated two main processes: (a) overproduction of rhodopsin and an associated abnormal lamellar tissue component, (b) progressive loss of photoreceptor cells. The first abnormality recognized was the appearance of swirling sheets or bundles of extracellular lamellae between normally developing retinal rods and pigment epithelium; membrane thickness and spacing resembled that in normal outer segments. Rhodopsin content reached twice normal values, was present in both rods and extracellular lamellae, and was qualitatively normal, judged by absorption maximum and products of bleaching. Photoreceptors attained virtually adult form and ERG function. Then rod inner segments and nuclei began degenerating; the ERG lost sensitivity and showed selective depression of the a-wave at high luminances. Outer segments and lamellae gradually degenerated and rhodopsin content decreased. No phagocytosis was seen, though pigment cells partially dedifferentiated and many migrated through the outer segment-debris zone toward the retina. Eventually photoreceptor cells and the b-wave of the ERG entirely disappeared. Rats kept in darkness retained electrical activity, rhodopsin content, rod structure, and extracellular lamellae longer than litter mates in light.

Developmental potential of neural crest-derived cells migrating from segments of developing quail bowel back-grafted into younger chick host embryos

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.P. Rothman ◽  
N.M. Le Douarin ◽  
J.C. Fontaine-Perus ◽  
M.D. Gershon
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Migratory Experience ◽  
Host Embryo

The technique of back-transplantation was used to investigate the developmental potential of neural crest-derived cells that have migrated to and colonized the avian bowel. Segments of quail bowel (removed at E4) were grafted between the somites and neural tube of younger (E2) chick host embryos. Grafts were placed at a truncal level, adjacent to somites 14–24. Initial experiments, done in vitro, confirmed that crest-derived cells are capable of migrating out of segments of foregut explanted at E4. The foregut, which at E4 has been colonized by cells derived from the vagal crest, served as the donor tissue. Comparative observations were made following grafts of control tissues, which included hindgut, lung primordia, mesonephros and limb bud. Additional experiments were done with chimeric bowel in which only the crest-derived cells were of quail origin. Targets in the host embryos colonized by crest-derived cells from the foregut grafts included the neural tube, spinal roots and ganglia, peripheral nerves, sympathetic ganglia and the adrenals, but not the gut. Donor cells in these target organs were immunostained by the monoclonal antibody, NC-1, indicating that they were crest-derived and developing along neural or glial lineages. Some of the crest-derived cells (NC-1-immunoreactive) that left the bowel and reached sympathetic ganglia, but not peripheral nerves or dorsal root ganglia, co-expressed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, a neural characteristic never expressed by crest-derived cells in the avian gut. None of the cells leaving enteric back-grafts produced pigment. Cells of mesodermal origin were also found to leave donor explants and aggregate in dermis and feather germs near the grafts. These observations indicate that crest-derived cells, having previously migrated to the bowel, retain the ability to migrate to distant sites in a younger embryo. The routes taken by these cells appear to reflect, not their previous migratory experience, but the level of the host embryo into which the graft is placed. Some of the population of crest-derived cells that leave the back-transplanted gut remain capable of expressing phenotypes that they do not express within the bowel in situ, but which are appropriate for the site in the host embryo to which they migrate.

Experimental Alteration of the Peri-Renal Tissue of Protopterus

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (40) ◽  
pp. 519-534
Author(s):  
D. E. MOORHOUSE
Keyword(s):  
Normal Animal ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Round Cell ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Experimental Alteration ◽  
Histochemical Tests

The experiments were carried out on Protopterus aethiopicus in East Africa. They were: the injection of commercial adrenocorticotrophic hormone, hypophysectomy, administration of ACTH after hypophysectomy, artificially induced aestivation, and artificially induced ‘stress’. The two elements of the lipid tissue show differing reactions to the experiments carried out. The large lipid cells appear to be under direct pituitary control: active secretion follows ACTH administration, hypophysectomy leads to a blocking of secretion. After ‘stress’ and hypophysectomy the small lipid cells develop sudanophil inclusions which are positive to the histochemical tests for steroids. This does not occur after ACTH administration. The phagocytes of the endothelial system take part in the transfer of material within the peri-renal tissue; this is shown by their cytology after ACTH administration and ‘stress’. Evidence from these experiments indicates that the round pigment cells characteristic of the normal animal are syncytial structures formed by the fusion of phagocytic cells containing pigment and remains of large lipid cells. The steroid tissue shows little change in these experiments other than a decrease in the amount of steroid material after ACTH, and a more intense staining of the mitochondria after hypophysectomy. The number of eosinophil leucocytes increases as the result of ACTH administration. The round cell nodules showed no detectable changes in these experiments.

Jaw and branchial arch mutants in zebrafish I: branchial arches

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Schilling ◽  
T. Piotrowski ◽  
H. Grandel ◽  
M. Brand ◽  
C.P. Heisenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Branchial Arch ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Pharyngeal Arches ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Brain

Jaws and branchial arches together are a basic, segmented feature of the vertebrate head. Seven arches develop in the zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio), derived largely from neural crest cells that form the cartilaginous skeleton. In this and the following paper we describe the phenotypes of 109 arch mutants, focusing here on three classes that affect the posterior pharyngeal arches, including the hyoid and five gill-bearing arches. In lockjaw, the hyoid arch is strongly reduced and subsets of branchial arches do not develop. Mutants of a large second class, designated the flathead group, lack several adjacent branchial arches and their associated cartilages. Five alleles at the flathead locus all lead to larvae that lack arches 4–6. Among 34 other flathead group members complementation tests are incomplete, but at least six unique phenotypes can be distinguished. These all delete continuous stretches of adjacent branchial arches and unpaired cartilages in the ventral midline. Many show cell death in the midbrain, from which some neural crest precursors of the arches originate. lockjaw and a few mutants in the flathead group, including pistachio, affect both jaw cartilage and pigmentation, reflecting essential functions of these genes in at least two neural crest lineages. Mutants of a third class, including boxer, dackel and pincher, affect pectoral fins and axonal trajectories in the brain, as well as the arches. Their skeletal phenotypes suggest that they disrupt cartilage morphogenesis in all arches. Our results suggest that there are sets of genes that: (1) specify neural crest cells in groups of adjacent head segments, and (2) function in common genetic pathways in a variety of tissues including the brain, pectoral fins and pigment cells as well as pharyngeal arches.

The Culture of Small Aggregates of Amphibian Embryonic Cells in vitro

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
K. W. Jones ◽  
T. R. Elsdale
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Organ Type ◽  
Typical Cell ◽  
Primary Explant ◽  
Migration Of Cells

A Common procedure in amphibian embryology has been to remove portions from embryos and culture these under conditions in which the large numbers of cells retain a close-knit association, favourable to the differentiation of primitive organs in the explant. It has not, in general, been the aim to employ the primary explant as a source of a two-dimensional outgrowth of cells on the substrate, as in typical cell culture procedures. Because of their inherent migratory tendencies, however, outgrowths of pigment cells are readily obtained from explants of the amphibian neural crest, and these have stimulated the interest of a number of investigators (see Wilde, 1961). Holtfreter (1938, 1946) and Finnegan (1953) have also observed the migration of cells from explants of Urodele embryos. Several investigators have employed cell cultures as opposed to organ type cultures in induction studies, Niu & Twitty (1953), Niu (1958), Barth & Barth (1959) and Becker, Tiedemann & Tiedemann (1959).

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