This chapter studies Section 7, Part II, of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which contains specific provisions on ‘undisclosed information’. This is the first international regime on undisclosed information and, in this sense, it is one of the most significant innovations brought about by the TRIPS Agreement. Article 39.1 stipulates that ‘in the course of ensuring effective protection against unfair competition as provided in Article 10 bis of the Paris Convention’, parties shall protect undisclosed information and the ‘data submitted to governments or governmental agencies’ as a condition for approving the marketing of pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. Although Article 39.1 refers to ‘undisclosed information’ and to ‘undisclosed test’ or other ‘data submitted’ to governments as two separate issues, it seems clear that in the latter case, the data also need to be ‘undisclosed’ in order to be covered under the terms of the Agreement. According to Article 1.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, undisclosed information is a category of ‘intellectual property’, like patents, trademarks, and other modalities dealt with by the Agreement.