The state of the art and operational scenarios for urban air mobility with unmanned aircraft

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
F. D. Maia ◽  
J. M. Lourenço da Saúde
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Standards And Regulations

ABSTRACT A state-of-the-art review of all the developments, standards and regulations associated with the use of major unmanned aircraft systems under development is presented. Requirements and constraints are identified by evaluating technologies specific to urban air mobility, considering equivalent levels of safety required by current and future civil aviation standards. Strategies, technologies and lessons learnt from remotely piloted aviation and novel unmanned traffic management systems are taken as the starting point to assess operational scenarios for autonomous urban air mobility.

scholarly journals A review of algorithms, methods, and techniques for detecting UAVs and UAS using audio, radiofrequency, and video applications

TecnoLógicas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (48) ◽  
pp. 269-285
Author(s):  
Jimmy Flórez ◽  
José Ortega ◽  
Andrés Betancourt ◽  
Andrés García ◽  
Marlon Bedoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Risk Zones ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
Reliability And Availability

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have had an exponential evolution in recent times due in large part to the development of technologies that enhance the development of these devices. This has resulted in increasingly affordable and better-equipped artifacts, which implies their application in new fields such as agriculture, transport, monitoring, and aerial photography. However, drones have also been used in terrorist acts, privacy violations, and espionage, in addition to involuntary accidents in high-risk zones such as airports. In response to these events, multiple technologies have been introduced to control and monitor the airspace in order to ensure protection in risk areas. This paper is a review of the state of the art of the techniques, methods, and algorithms used in video, radiofrequency, and audio-based applications to detect UAVs and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). This study can serve as a starting point to develop future drone detection systems with the most convenient technologies that meet certain requirements of optimal scalability, portability, reliability, and availability.

scholarly journals A Performance-Based Airspace Model for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management

Aerospace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Nichakorn Pongsakornsathien ◽  
Suraj Bijjahalli ◽  
Alessandro Gardi ◽  
Angus Symons ◽  
Yuting Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Aircraft Systems

Recent evolutions of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) concept are driving the introduction of new airspace structures and classifications, which must be suitable for low-altitude airspace and provide the required level of safety and flexibility, particularly in dense urban and suburban areas. Therefore, airspace classifications and structures need to evolve based on appropriate performance metrics, while new models and tools are needed to address UTM operational requirements, with an increasing focus on the coexistence of manned and unmanned Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles and associated Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) infrastructure. This paper presents a novel airspace model for UTM adopting Performance-Based Operation (PBO) criteria, and specifically addressing urban airspace requirements. In particular, a novel airspace discretisation methodology is introduced, which allows dynamic management of airspace resources based on navigation and surveillance performance. Additionally, an airspace sectorisation methodology is developed balancing the trade-off between communication overhead and computational complexity of trajectory planning and re-planning. Two simulation case studies are conducted: over the skyline and below the skyline in Melbourne central business district, utilising Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). The results confirm that the proposed airspace sectorisation methodology promotes operational safety and efficiency and enhances the UTM operators’ situational awareness under dense traffic conditions introducing a new effective 3D airspace visualisation scheme, which is suitable both for mission planning and pre-tactical UTM operations. Additionally, the proposed performance-based methodology can accommodate the diversity of infrastructure and vehicle performance requirements currently envisaged in the UTM context. This facilitates the adoption of this methodology for low-level airspace integration of UAS (which may differ significantly in terms of their avionics CNS capabilities) and set foundations for future work on tactical online UTM operations.

scholarly journals Integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System-Efforts by the University of Alaska to Support the FAA/NASA UAS Traffic Management Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3112
Author(s):  
Michael Hatfield ◽  
Catherine Cahill ◽  
Peter Webley ◽  
Jessica Garron ◽  
Rebecca Beltran
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
National Airspace System ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
The University

Over the past decade Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS, aka “drones”) have become pervasive, touching virtually all aspects of our world. While UAS offer great opportunity to better our lives and strengthen economies, at the same time these can significantly disrupt manned flight operations and put our very lives in peril. Balancing the demanding and competing requirements of safely integrating UAS into the United States (US) National Airspace System (NAS) has been a top priority of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for several years. This paper outlines efforts taken by the FAA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to create the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) system as a means to address this capability gap. It highlights the perspectives and experiences gained by the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) Alaska Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration (ACUASI) as one of the FAA’s six UAS test sites participating in the NASA-led UTM program. The paper summarizes UAF’s participation in the UTM Technical Capability Level (TCL1-3) campaigns, including flight results, technical capabilities achieved, lessons learned, and continuing challenges regarding the implementation of UTM in the NAS. It also details future efforts needed to enable practical Beyond-Visual-Line-of-Sight (BVLOS) flights for UAS operations in rural Alaska.

scholarly journals A Method for Selecting Strategic Deployment Opportunities for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Transportation Agencies

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Sarah Hubbard ◽  
Bryan Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Quality Function Deployment ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
Acceptance Model ◽  
Transportation Agencies ◽  
Uas Applications

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are increasingly used for a variety of applications by state Departments of Transportation (DOT) and local transportation agencies due to technology advancements, lower costs, and regulatory changes that have simplified operations. There are numerous applications (e.g., bridge inspection, traffic management, incident response, construction and roadway mapping) and agencies find it challenging to prioritize which applications are most appropriate. Important factors to consider when prioritizing UAS applications include: (1) benefits, (2) ease of adoption, (3) stakeholder acceptance, and (4) technical feasibility. These factors can be evaluated utilizing various techniques such as the technology acceptance model, benefit analysis, and technology readiness level (TRL). This paper presents the methodology and results for the prioritization of UAS applications’ quality function deployment (QFD), which reflects both qualitative and quantitative components. The proposed framework can be used in the future as technologies mature, and the prioritization can be revised on a regular basis to identify future strategic implementation opportunities. Numerous transportation agencies have begun to use UAS, some have developed UAS operating policies and manuals, but there has been no documentation to support identification of the UAS applications that are most appropriate for deployment. This paper fills that gap and documents a method for identification of UAS applications for strategic deployment and illustrates the method with a case study.

scholarly journals The Governance of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Aviation Law, Human Rights, and the Free Movement of Data in the EU

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-455
Author(s):  
Ugo Pagallo ◽  
Eleonora Bassi
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
The Us ◽  
General Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The paper deals with the governance of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in European law. Three different kinds of balance have been struck between multiple regulatory systems, in accordance with the sector of the governance of UAS which is taken into account. The first model regards the field of civil aviation law and its European Union (EU)’s regulation: the model looks like a traditional mix of top-down regulation and soft law. The second model concerns the EU general data protection law, the GDPR, which has set up a co-regulatory framework summed up with the principle of accountability also, but not only, in the field of drones. The third model of governance has been adopted by the EU through methods of legal experimentation and coordination mechanisms for UAS. The overall aim of the paper is to elucidate the ways in which such three models interact, insisting on differences and similarities with other technologies (e.g. self-driving cars), and further legal systems (e.g. the US).

Regulations and Laws Pertaining to the use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) by ICAO, USA, China, Japan, Australia, India, and Korea

2019 ◽  
pp. 169-207
Author(s):  
Doo Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
International Civil Aviation Organization ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Draft Convention

The drone industry is rapidly developing around the world, and the numbers of drones are increasing. In order to maintain safety and secure stability of drone flights, regulations and laws related to drone operations are established in each country. This chapter reviews the rules and laws of drones established by the International Civil Aviation Organization, the United States, China, Japan, Australia, India, and Korea. In order to protect victims and develop the drone industry, the author proposes that it is necessary and desirable for the legislation of a unified and global “Draft Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Drone Operations and Transport.”

scholarly journals Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) National Campaign II

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arwa S. Aweiss ◽  
Brandon D. Owens ◽  
Joseph Rios ◽  
Jeffrey R. Homola ◽  
Christoph P. Mohlenbrink
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Aircraft Systems
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