scholarly journals African Studies Keyword: Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-483
Author(s):  
John R. Heilbrunn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Studies ◽  
Local Content ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Oil Curse

AbstractOil is a metonym for terms in books and articles in diverse disciplines in African studies. Some portray oil as a causal agent that thrusts formerly low-income countries into the highly competitive neoliberal global economy. Others present it according to the oil curse/blessing binary. As a curse, petroleum causes dysfunctional and costly behavior. But increased revenues from oil just as certainly result in concrete improvements demonstrating a resource blessing. Heilbrunn uses case materials to explore environmental degradation, oil theft, community-company relations, post-conflict reconstruction, local content in contracts, and corruption. These key concepts form a basis for the keyword/concept essay on oil in Africa.

Introduction: Resilience and sustainability

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Perrings
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Ecological Concept ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Lock In

One of the most interesting and potentially useful outcomes of recent collaboration between natural and social scientists concerned with the sustainability of jointly determined ecological-economic systems is the application of the ecological concept of resilience. In its broadest sense, resilience is a measure of the ability of a system to withstand stresses and shocks – its ability to persist in an uncertain world. For many policy-makers, however, the concern that desirable states or processes may not be ‘sustainable’ is balanced by the concern that individuals and societies may get ‘locked-in’ to undesirable states or processes. Many low-income countries, for example, are thought to have been caught in poverty traps, and poverty traps have since been seen as a major cause of environmental degradation (Dasgupta, 1993). Other examples of ‘lock-in’ include our dependence on hydrocarbon-based technologies, or the institutional and cultural rigidities that stand in the way of change (Hanna, Folke, and Mäler, 1996). Such states or processes are too persistent.

scholarly journals Political violence and mental health in Nepal: prospective study

2012 ◽  
Vol 201 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Kohrt ◽  
Daniel J. Hruschka ◽  
Carol M. Worthman ◽  
Richard D. Kunz ◽  
Jennifer L. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Before And After

BackgroundPost-conflict mental health studies in low-income countries have lacked pre-conflict data to evaluate changes in psychiatric morbidity resulting from political violence.AimsThis prospective study compares mental health before and after exposure to direct political violence during the People's War in Nepal.MethodAn adult cohort completed the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory in 2000 prior to conflict violence in their community and in 2007 after the war.ResultsOf the original 316 participants, 298 (94%) participated in the post-conflict assessment. Depression increased from 30.9 to 40.6%. Anxiety increased from 26.2 to 47.7%. Post-conflict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 14.1%. Controlling for ageing, the depression increase was not significant. The anxiety increase showed a dose–response association with conflict exposure when controlling for ageing and daily stressors. No demographic group displayed unique vulnerability or resilience to the effects of conflict exposure.ConclusionsConflict exposure should be considered in the context of other types of psychiatric risk factors. Conflict exposure predicted increases in anxiety whereas socioeconomic factors and non-conflict stressful life events were the major predictors of depression. Research and interventions in postconflict settings therefore should consider differential trajectories for depression v. anxiety and the importance of addressing chronic social problems ranging from poverty to gender and ethnic/caste discrimination.

Quota and Voice Reform - Stocktaking and Further Considerations, Statistical Appendices I and II, Statement by the Managing Director, and Summing Up of the Board Meeting

Policy Papers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Board Meeting ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
New Formula ◽  
The Voice

At its Spring Meeting, the IMFC reiterated the importance of implementing the program of quota and voice reforms in line with the timetable set out by the Board of Governors in Singapore. The Committee welcomed the initial informal Board discussions on a new quota formula and stressed the importance of agreeing on a new formula, which should be simple and transparent and should capture members’ relative positions in the world economy. It noted that this reform would result in higher shares for dynamic economies, many of which are emerging market economies, whose weight and role in the global economy have increased. The Committee also stressed the importance of enhancing the voice and participation of low-income countries, a key issue for which is an increase in basic votes, at a minimum preserving the voting share of low-income countries. The Committee called on the Executive Board to continue its work on the reform package as a matter of priority.

scholarly journals Impact of ICT on Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Mahdavi ◽  
Sakineh Sojoodi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Ict Development ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of information and communications technologies (ICT) on the environment is a complex highly-debated subject. Indeed, ICT can have both positive and negative impacts on the environment. While ICT tools and devices can be used to improve energy efficiency, which results in reduced CO2 emissions and environmental degradation, the manufacturing and use of ICT devices can become a major source of emission. Also, many ICT devices contain non-renewable and non-recyclable components that can cause significant environmental damage. Therefore, one may question that whether ICT improves environmental quality in countries with different income levels? To answer this question, this study investigated the environmental impacts of ICT in three groups of high, middle, and low-income countries from 2005 to 2019 using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The ICT Development Index (IDI) was used as the measure of ICT development. Empirical results showed that the use of ICT led to reduced total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption, CO2 emissions damage, particulate emissions damage, and energy consumption in the studied countries. Therefore, ICT was found to have a generally negative (favorable) impact on environmental degradation in these countries. Considering this effect of ICT on environmental degradation and pollution, governments are recommended to pursue their energy consumption and emission objectives by promoting the use of ICT in the environmental sector and the implementation of green ICT projects.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Recession: The Global Economy in Crisis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Balcılar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

In January 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted that the world economy would grow by 3.3% in 2020. However, in its latest forecasts, in April, it predicts a contraction of 3.0%, without growth prospects and with numerous risks. The World bank even forecasts a 3.6% contraction in 2020. These forecasts are already seen as overestimates. Most baseline forecast envisions the deepest global recession since World War II. This study analyzes various economics impacts of the COVID-19 on a global scale. If the global recession expected due to the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) would lead to a decline in growth rate of global gross domestic product (GDP) between 2.0% and 10.% in all countries in 2020, the number of unemployed people in the net food importer countries would increase between 14.4 million and 80.3 million; the biggest part of the increase would occur in low-income countries. As the pandemic has shown its most severe impact on the largest world economies, the study considers the developments in United States, Euro Area, Japan and China. The recessions in these parts of the world spreads to the other countries and one should primarily consider these regions. Next we consider the trends in global trades, financial markets, and commodity markets. In association with the four regions of the global economy and trends in global trade, financial markets and commodity markets we consider recent developments in emerging markets.

Ports’ criticality in international trade and global supply-chains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Verschuur ◽  
Elco Koks ◽  
Jim Hall
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Single Port ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Supply Chains

Abstract Ports form the backbone of the global economy. By combining a vast database of ship tracking data with bilateral trade data and input-output tables, we highlight the critical role of specific ports in global supply chains and economies. For some countries, we find that 43.5% of economic activity is dependent on trade going through a single port. The top ten global ports influence 9.3% of the global economy, of which the port of Shanghai alone embeds 1.7% of global output. Ports are even more critical in some sectors, such as the mining and quarrying sector, for which 82% of trade is transported by maritime transport. We estimate how changes in final demand will be routed through ports, revealing that for every US$1000 increase in final demand a country’s ports experience a US$18.3 increase in imports on average, and up to US$108 increase in low income countries and small islands.

Report of the Managing Director to the International Monetary and Financial Committee on the IMF's Policy Agenda

Policy Papers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Crisis Prevention ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Income Model ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Future Work

This report reviews the work of the Fund since the 2007 Spring Meetings and the priorities for the period ahead. Progress has been made in the past few months with respect to the framework for surveillance and its implementation, quota and voice, and the Fund’s income model. Other key aspects of the MTS have also advanced, including with regard to Bank-Fund collaboration and the Fund’s role in low-income countries. Future work will focus on completion of the quota and voice reform, reaching agreement on the Fund’s new income model, and delivering budgetary restraint, as well as addressing the evolving challenges facing the Fund and the world economy, notably the financial market turbulence and financial globalization. The paper reports on recent developments in the global economy (Section II) and progress in the following key areas: reshaping surveillance (Section III); emerging market economies and crisis prevention (Section IV); the role of the Fund in low-income countries (Section V); quota and voice issues (Section VI), building institutions and capacity (Section VII); and managing an effective institution (Section VIII).

Teaching children in low-income countries to assess claims about treatment effects: prioritization of key concepts

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Nsangi ◽  
Daniel Semakula ◽  
Andrew D. Oxman ◽  
Nelson K. Sewankambo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Key Concepts
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