Are we born equal: a study of intergenerational income mobility in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Mengjie Jin ◽  
Xuemei Bai ◽  
Kevin X Li ◽  
Wenming Shi
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Developed Nations

AbstractStudies show that the gain from China's remarkable growth of the past 35 years has not been evenly shared, especially through the intergenerational transmission of income. To address this concern, we use data from China Health and Nutrition Survey and find the intergenerational income elasticity to be 0.466 in 2011, which suggests that sons’ incomes are affected by their fathers’ economic statuses to a large extent. A cross-country comparison indicates that the degree of generational income mobility in China is lower than that in many developed nations. Meanwhile, by investigating possible transmission channels, we find that the fathers’ investments in the sons’ education and occupation play substantial roles in intergenerational transmission of income. The results not only demonstrate the trends in intergenerational income mobility in China, but also identify the most likely transmission channels, which is of great importance to improving social equality.

scholarly journals Capability Deprivation, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantages—Empirical Evidence from Selected Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Veronika V. Eberharter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
Capability Deprivation

Based on longitudinal data from the Cross-National Equivalent File 1980–2016 (CNEF 1980–2016) the paper analyzes the extent of income inequality and capability deprivation and the driving forces of the intergenerational transmission of social and economic status of two birth cohorts in Germany, and the United States. In both the countries the empirical results show increasing inequality of the real equivalent household income, and younger cohorts experience a higher persistence of social and economic status. In the United States income inequality is more expressed than in Germany, which is in accordance with lower intergenerational income mobility. The contribution of individual and family background characteristics and capability deprivation indicators to intergenerational income mobility is more pronounced in the United States than in Germany. The significant impact of capability deprivation in childhood on the intergenerational transmission of economic chances emphasizes the importance of economic and social policy designated to guarantee the equality of opportunity.

Struktur und Ausmaß der intergenerationalen Einkommensmobilität in Deutschland / Structure and Extent of Intergenerational Income Mobility in Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 229 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schnitzlein
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Level

SummaryThe paper examines the structure and the extent of intergenerational income mobility in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel it is possible to look at both, father-son and father-daughter pairs. In the present case the intergenerational income elasticity is 0.26 for father-son pairs and 0.36 for father-daughter pairs. A more detailed analysis is carried out, applying a quantile regression approach. In a third step I estimate the transition matrices of sons. Although there is some persistence at both ends of the income distribution, the results show a high level of intergenerational mobility in Germany.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Income Mobility in Taiwan: Evidence from TS2SLS and Structural Quantile Regression

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamhon Kan ◽  
I-Hsin Li ◽  
Ruei-Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility

Abstract We estimate intergenerational income mobility in Taiwan, employing repeated cross-sectional data. We find that the father–son, father–daughter, mother–son and mother–daughter income elasticities-at-40 are around 0.18, 0.23, 0.50 and 0.54, respectively. Moreover, the mother–child income elasticity increases slightly over children’s birth year, while the father–child elasticity is stable, but we do not find any time trend in elasticities. Since mean-regression results may not be informative in fast growing economies, we estimate relative mobility via structural quantile regression models. The results indicate that parents’ income affects children’s income mainly through the propagation of children’s income shocks, rather than affecting the level directly.

Intergenerational Income Mobility in a Less-Developed, High-Inequality Context: The Case of Chile

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier I Nunez ◽  
Leslie Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
International Evidence ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
Income Determinants

Abstract This paper studies the magnitude of intergenerational income mobility in less developed, high inequality Chile. Following a known methodology where fathers' incomes are predicted from standard income determinants such as education and occupation, we get comparable estimates of the intergenerational income elasticity in the range of 0.57 to 0.74 and 0.63 to 0.76 for ages 25-40 and 31-40, respectively. These values place Chile at the high end of the available international evidence. Considering Chile's high income inequality, this finding supports the hypothesis proposed in the literature of an inverse relationship between cross-sectional income inequality and intergenerational income mobility.

Conservation and Preservation of Nature Reserves, Monuments andSpecial Architectural or Historic Interest in Nigeria: Towards Promotion of Sustainable Cultural Tourism

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-218
Author(s):  
Francis Chuma Osefoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Nature Reserves ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Developed Nations

Some of the renowned world tourism countries have special peculiarities in character in terms of their nature reserves and built environments; that made them stand out for their attractions and visits. These qualities range from conservation and preservation of nature reserves, built environments- epoch architectural supports over the years; historical heritage; political; religious; socio-economic; cultural; and  high technology that enhance culture. The virtues of multi- ethnic groups and multi- cultural nature gave Nigeria a rich cultural heritage, and she is blessed with natural wonders, unique wildlife, and a very favorable climate. More often than not less attention and importance are placed over the nature reserves and built environments to the detriment of tourism in lieu of other sectors. Summarily the country lacks the culture of conservation and preservation of her abundant resources to promote cultural tourism. Case study strategy was applied in the research tours with reports of personal experiences, documentaries and analyses of sites visited in Europe and Nigeria were highlighted with references to their attributes in terms of structures and features that made up the sites as relate to culture and attraction.The task in keeping rural, city landscapes and nature reserves alive stands out as the secret of communication link from the past to present and the future; which tourism developed nations reap as benefits for tourist attraction.

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