Pollutants and climatic conditions related to the smoking rate

Smoking is considered a coping behavior for stress. On the other hand, pollutants and climatic conditions are environmental stressors that can have a negative impact on health. Therefore, there may be a link between regional smoking rate and air pollution and climatic conditions. To clarify the relationship between the regional smoking rate in Japan and the environmental conditions such as photochemical oxidants concentration, ambient temperature and relative humidity, multiple regression analysis was performed. Correlation analysis showed that the ambient temperature and relative humidity and photochemical oxidants are negatively correlated with smoking rate. Stepwise multiple regression analysis with smoking rate as the objective variable, the ambient temperature and relative humidity and photochemical oxidants as explanatory variables, revealed that the ambient temperature and relative humidity and photochemical oxidants are significant independent variables. The above results suggest that ambient temperature, relative humidity and photochemical oxidants in the region may be related to smoking rate in the region.

Attitudes and Perceptions about Smoking Behavior of Students in the School Environment and Some Suggested Solutions

The trend of tobacco use is increasing among young people, students and evidence shows that tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which is a very strong addictive substance and is harmful to health, especially for children, adolescents and pregnant women. The chemicals in tobacco include acrolein, chemicals, acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, nicotine, etc. Some of these chemicals are classified as carcinogenic. The cause of the increase of cigarettes stems from products with eye-catching, compact, flavorful, low-cost designs, etc. Tobacco is an addictive products very popular trade items in Vietnam. Today, it is not difficult to buy a pack of cigarettes from a shop, a grocery or at a supermarket. Although the mass media has propagated a lot about the harmful effects of smoking as well as the harmful effects of cigarette smoke to those around them, the proportion of smokers has not decreased. This situation is happening not only in adults but also in young people. Especially, smoking is creeping into the school where nurturing future talents. Although the harmful effects of cigarette smoking as well as the effects of cigarette smoke are widely known by the school as well as the media, the percentage of students smoking is increasing. This paper aims to study the smoking behavior of the students therefore we can assess the effectiveness of the mission of promoting health education to students and young people and finding solutions reduce student smoking rate.

Mechanism of Health Vocational Education Alliance and its Influencing Factors on Smoking Cognition

Objectives: The construction of healthy society and country can not be separated from the development of health vocational education. Among them, it is of great significance to help people, especially teenagers, to establish correct cognition and behavioral norms of smoking through health vocational education for delaying the time of first attempt to smoke and reducing the smoking rate of the whole population and its derived harm. With the extension of the scope of health vocational education and the increasing complexity of factors influencing smoking cognition, it is necessary to build health vocational education alliance to optimize resources, reduce risks and achieve their own strategic goals. Based on the research data, this paper makes an empirical study on the influencing factors of alliance mechanism selection by using the ordered multi-classification Logit model, and makes an in-depth analysis on the mechanism selection of alliance establishment from the perspective of health vocational education institutions..

Quantifying the Effects of Medical Examination and Possible Risk Factors against the Incidence of Cervical Cancer in a Low Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage: An Ecological Study in Japan

Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in females, mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). In countries with lower HPV vaccine coverage, such as Japan, medical examination may play a key role in decreasing CC incidence. This study aimed to quantify the effect of medical examination on cervical cancer (CC) incidence in Japan, considering the effects of possible risk factors. By collecting Japan’s Prefectural data on CC incidence (2013–2017), incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs; Chlamydia, Herpes, Condyloma, and Gonorrhea; 1993–2012), screening and detailed examination rate against CC (2013–2016), smoking rate (2001–2013), economic status (disposable income and economic surplus; 2014–2015), and education status (2015), we analyzed associations among them using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Additionally, assuming that the incidence of STDs reflects the frequency of risky sexual behavior at the co-infection point with HPV, we constructed generalized linear models to predict CC incidence, taking a 5–20-year time-lag between incidences of STDs and the CC incidence. Against CC incidence, Chlamydia in females and Gonorrhea in males with a 15-year time-lag showed positive associations, while Condyloma in both genders with a 15-year time-lag, screening rate, economic status, and smoking rate showed negative associations. An increase in screening test rate by 10% was estimated to decrease CC incidence by 9.6%. This means that screening tests decrease CC incidence effectively, but not drastically, suggesting the need for additional countermeasures for CC prevention.

What is the likely impact on surgical site infections in Australian hospitals if smoking rates are reduced? A cost analysis

Introduction Assisting smokers to quit before surgery reduces surgical site infection (SSI) risk. The short-term economic benefits of reducing SSIs by embedding tobacco dependence treatment in Australian hospitals are unknown. Estimated annual number of SSIs prevented, and hospital bed-days (HBD) and costs saved from reducing smoking before surgery are calculated. Methods The most recent number of surgical procedures and SSI rates for Australia were sourced. The number of smokers and non-smokers having a SSI were calculated using the UK Royal College of Physicians reported adjusted odds ratio (1.79), and the proportion of SSIs attributable to smoking calculated. The potential impact fraction was used to estimate reductions in SSIs and associated HBDs and costs from reducing the smoking rates among surgical patients from 23.9% to 10% or 5% targets. Uncertainty around the final estimates was calculated using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results In 2016–17, approximately 40,593 (95% UI 32,543, 50,239) people having a surgical procedure in Australia experienced a SSI leading to 101,888 extra days (95% UI 49,988, 200,822) in hospital. If the smoking rate among surgical patients was reduced to 10%, 3,580 (95% UI 2,312, 5,178) SSIs would be prevented, and 8,985 (95% UI 4,094, 19,153) HBDs and $19.1M (95% UI $7.7M, $42.5M) saved in one year. If the smoking rate was reduced to 5%, 4,867 (95% UI 3,268, 6,867) SSIs would be prevented, and 12,217 (95% UI 5,614, 25,642) HBDs and $26.0M (95% UI $10.8M, $57.0M) would be saved. Conclusions The findings suggest achieving smoking rate targets of 10% or 5% would provide substantial short-term health and economic benefits through reductions in SSIs. Embedding tobacco dependence treatment in Australian hospitals would provide value for money by reducing costs and improving clinical quality and safety. A more comprehensive, modelled economic evaluation synthesising the best available evidence is needed to confirm findings.

Study On the Ideological and Political Construction of College Courses from the Content of Tobacco Control Education

Objectives: Using the theory of health education to guide students in efficient schools to carry out tobacco control intervention, and to study students' understanding of smoking, a behavior harmful to health. At the same time, it also studies the transformation from students' belief (attitude) to behavior. From this, through the content of tobacco control education, this paper studies the methods of Ideological and political construction in Colleges and universities. Methods: Through literature search, the research on tobacco control intervention at home and abroad was queried. The 18-20-year-old students of different majors in two meritorious universities a and B were given questionnaires by special personnel, and the questionnaires were filled in anonymously. After collecting the questionnaires, reject the unqualified questionnaires and sort out all the qualified questionnaires. EpiData was used to establish the database of the questionnaire, and SPSS was used for statistical analysis. According to the nature of the data, general descriptive analysis was used to explore the changes of various factors before and after the intervention of tobacco control health education. Results: In terms of smoking control attitude, 59.6% of smoking students did not want to quit smoking, and 85.1% of smoking students felt that smoking was conducive to social interaction. After the intervention of health education, the participation rate of students in tobacco control activities increased from 29.2% to 95.2%. The smoking rate decreased from 12.5% to 6.1%. More than 80% of smoking students have the desire to quit smoking. Conclusion: After making full use of the comprehensive health education method of the combination of new media and traditional intervention measures, students' mastery of the health theory of tobacco control has changed significantly. The attitude towards tobacco control is becoming more and more positive, and the smoking rate is much lower than that before the intervention. The research results can be used in the construction of Ideological and political education.

Trends and socioeconomic factors in smoking and alcohol consumption among Chinese people: evidence from the 2008–2018 National Health Service Surveys in Jiangsu Province

Background Smoking and excessive drinking are risk factors for many diseases. With the rapid economic development in China, it is important to identify trends in smoking and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic factors that contribute to these behaviors to ensure the health of the population. Methods we analyzed pooled cross-sectional data from the fourth, fifth, and sixth National Health Service Surveys conducted in Jiangsu Province in 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively. The study population was those over 15 years old in three surveys. Trends in smoking and alcohol use were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and bivariate and multinomial logistic regression was used to identify contributing factors. Results Among total sample, smoking rate was 23.95%, in which the incidence of light, moderate and heavy smoking was 5.75, 4.63 and 13.56%, respectively; drinking rate was 23.29%, in which non-excessive drinking and excessive drinking were 19.80 and 3.49%, respectively, “smoking and drinking” rate was 13.41%. From 2008 to 2018, overall and light-to-moderate smoking rates first increased and then decreased while heavy smoking rate declined; alcohol consumption increased while excessive drinking increased before decreasing; and the incidence of “smoking and drinking” has been rising continuously. The trend of smoking and drinking rates in urban area was similar to rural area, however there was significant difference between urban and rural area. Socioeconomic factors, demographic, health-related and year variables were significant influencing factors of smoking and drinking. Conclusion Our research can provide important evidences for tobacco and alcohol control in China and other similar developing countries. Preventive measures such as education and support services along with stricter regulations for tobacco and alcohol use are needed to improve public health in China.