Marking Time, Making Community in Medieval Schools

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-180
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
School Day ◽  
Marking Time ◽  
Community Identities

AbstractThis article examines the nature of school days and school years in later medieval Western Europe and considers the societal functions of the temporal cultures that emerged. The forms of the school day and year in elementary and grammar schools—alongside school- and youth-centered festivals—were replete with meaning and possessed utility beyond simple responses to environmental factors such as seasonal and meteorological changes. School authorities—whether ecclesiastical or municipal—saw the temporal cultures of medieval schools as a means to socialize children and to create and maintain collective community identities. By exploring a range of different traditions and regional variations, it is clear that the experience of the passage of time was imbued with meaning and social significance for medieval schoolchildren and their communities.

The Medieval Economy of Salvation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Gift Economy ◽  
Lay Women ◽  
Emerging Culture ◽  
Charitable Institution ◽  
New Institutions

This book shows how the burgeoning commercial economy of western Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, alongside an emerging culture of Christian charity, led to the establishment of hundreds of hospitals and leper houses. Focusing on the county of Champagne, the book looks at the ways in which charitable organizations and individuals saw in these new institutions a means of infusing charitable giving and service with new social significance and heightened expectations of spiritual rewards. Hospitals served as visible symbols of piety and, as a result, were popular objects of benefaction. They also presented lay women and men with new penitential opportunities to personally perform the works of mercy, which many embraced as a way to earn salvation. At the same time, these establishments served a variety of functions beyond caring for the sick and the poor; as benefactors donated lands and money to them, hospitals became increasingly central to local economies, supplying loans, distributing food, and acting as landlords. In tracing the rise of the medieval hospital during a period of intense urbanization and the transition from a gift economy to a commercial one, the book makes clear how embedded this charitable institution was in the wider social, cultural, religious, and economic fabric of medieval life.

scholarly journals Consumption of unregulated food items (false morels) and risk for neurodegenerative disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
P.S. Spencer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
World War ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Sporadic Als ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Unknown environmental factors are thought to contribute to the etiology of sporadic forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Strong evidence supporting this view is found in the post-World War decline and disappearance of highincidence ALS in three Western Pacific populations that formerly utilized neurotoxic cycad seed as a traditional source of food and/or medicine. The principal toxins in cycads (cycasin) and in False Morel mushrooms (gyromitrin) generate methyl free radicals that damage DNA and cause mutation and uncontrolled division of cycling cells and degeneration of late-/postmitotic neurons. Since False Morels are scavenged for food in Finland, Russia, Spain, and USA, research studies are underway in Western Europe and USA to determine if the practice is associated with sporadic ALS.

scholarly journals Enviromental factors as the elements determing the development of floating homes

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Emilia MISZEWSKA ◽  
Maciej NIEDOSTATKIEWICZ ◽  
Radosław WIŚNIEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
The Impact

The popularity of Floating Homes in Western Europe and North America is noticeable. The interest in these facilities in Poland is also constantly growing. The popularity of Floating Homes is due to climate change, rising land prices and population density in city centers. However, environmental factors play a significant role in their development. The publication presents the results of research on the impact of environmental factors on the development of Floating Homes in Poland. As part of the research, the most important environmental factors were identified and then, using the State of the Surroundings Scenarios (SSS) method, an initial scenario of their development was developed. The most probable scenario was developed, the purpose of which was to identify the most favorable factors - strengths and unfavorable factors - weaknesses responsible for the development opportunities of Floating Homes in Poland. Additionally, a surprise scenario was prepared, which indicated factors that may unexpectedly accelerate the development of Floating Homes in Poland or slow it down.

Traditional Ceramics of Bukovyna of the XIX – XX Centuries: Historical and Cultural aspects (based on the Lviv Scansen Collection)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (47) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Nadiya Borenko
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Traditional Ceramics ◽  
Historical Periods

The article is devoted to the characterization of traditional ceramics of Bukovyna XIX – XX centuries and its role and place in the interior of the people’s home. This issue is covered taking into account the belonging of certain Bukovyna territories to various ethnographic groups and historical and administrative areas and its presence in the composition of foreign states in different historical periods. The article reveals the migration, historical and cultural processes that influenced plots and ornamental motifs on ceramic objects. The conducted historical-ethnographic and art-study analysis gives grounds to compare the Bukovynian products with pottery and industrial ceramics of the countries of Central and Western Europe. The species and local names and purposes of pottery, regional variations of silhouettes and forms, the dependence of decor on the application of the subject, the semantics of individual elements of the ornament, and the peculiarities of the technology are also studied. Keywords: Bukovyna, traditional dwelling, interior, dishes, cell, ceramics, drawing, glaze, faience,style

scholarly journals “Twice Crowned” (Leonid Yuzefovich – Laureate of the Big Book)

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Maya Babicheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The article discusses the two-aspect nature of the contribution of L.A. Yuzefovich into Russian culture, as a reflection of the specifics of his gift. The criterion for the writer’s achievements was chosen to be a double leader in the national literary prize «Big Book» (a unique case in its history). The purpose of the article is to show the genre specificity of the individual style of Yuzefovich, which doubled the significance of his works for Russian literature and culture in general. The well-known Bulgakovʼs metaphor is applicable to the work of this writer completely. In this case, the right and left hand of the pianist can be considered fiction and documentary proze. A writer’s achievements in each of these areas greatly contribute to his success in the other. The leading place in the work of Yuzefovich the fiction writer is occupied by a large epic form. His novels with criminal plot, as a rule, have a pronounced detective line. The action takes place in different eras in different locations. These are Moscow and Western Europe of the 17th century, imperial Petersburg of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Perm in the 1920s., etc. Specific historical details are reproduced in detail, the atmosphere of the era is recreated. Critics have repeatedly noted the writer’s ability to convey the spirit of the times in artistic form. The documentary prose of this author is a continuation of his scientific career (he is PhD in historical sciences). The beginning of this direction in his work was laid by the artistically revised dissertation research of the scientist. Subsequently, the main interest of Yuzefovich as the author of documentary proze focused on the events of the Civil War in Siberia and the Far East. The writer’s historical books have a fascinating plot and are written in good literary language. The best (to date) works of Yuzefovich of each of the named directions were awarded the Big Book Prize (the 1st place), awarded for a significant contribution to Russian culture and increasing the social significance of Russian literature. These are the novel «Cranes and the Dwarfs» (prize 2009) and the documentary novel «Winter Road» (prize 2015). Both works reveal important stages in Russian history and, at the same time, deserve high praise for their artistic form.

scholarly journals Sport, masculinity and gender relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (Special Issue 1) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
ARNALDO SPALLACCI
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

The ideological and cultural approach towards sport has changed over time and must be linked with the changes in gender relations especially in the Western society. Therefore, the present paper brings to attention the relationship between men and exercise and discusses sport as an important practice for the cultural and physical construction of masculinity. The paper is a narrative analysis of the concept of sport and its socio-cultural significance over time, all presented in the context of gender relations. The analysis is based on information from European documents regarding sport and on statistical data at European level regarding the engagement of men and women in physical activities, with special attention paid to the case of Italy. Over time, the construction of masculinity has been subjected to many changes especially in Western Europe. Mainly, the transition was from the traditional dominant male figure, to the “new man”, interested in health and self-care. The social significance of sport has changed and participation in physical activity is no longer seen as a typical masculine practice being widely open to women as well. In this context, gender relations changed and masculinity now implies new dimensions.

Iron Technology and Its Regional Development during the Eastern Zhou Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 594-614
Author(s):  
Wengcheong Lam
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Iron Industry ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Iron Technology ◽  
Eastern Zhou

The appearance of the cast iron industry was one of the most technological innovations in ancient China. Nonetheless, how iron technology shaped the historical development during this critical period has not yet been fully investigated. This chapter first reviews evidence dating to the Spring and Autumn period regarding the appearance of bloomery iron and cast iron industry. Archaeological evidence suggests a simultaneous development of cast iron in multiple states during the first half of the first millennium BCE. Regional variations between these two centers were also present. The chapter further explores regional variations in the development of the iron industries during the Warring States period on the basis of frequencies and types of iron objects from burial data in the Jin, Qin, and Chu regions. The regional comparison suggests that the total amount of iron objects in the Qin state was much less than the assemblage in the three Jin states; the latter should belong to the manufacturing core given the frequencies and types of iron objects in tombs. Moreover, the local iron industry of the Chu state distinctively focused on the manufacture of weapons compared to former two states. In sum, the regional variations in iron industry should be the foundation for further addressing the social significance of iron technology in ancient China. In addition, the iron industry in the Qin state during the Warring States period should be more carefully scrutinized in the future because it might have been operated on a relatively smaller scale than presently understood.

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