Fire All the Boomers: How Generational Labeling Legitimizes Age Discrimination

Costanza and Finkelstein (2015) make a number of important observations in their exploration of how generation-based differences are understood by academics and practitioners. The absence of a unifying theory, the lack of a clear pattern of findings, and the conceptual ambiguity about generational membership have all limited the utility of generational membership to researchers, while the practice of describing large groups of individuals in generational terms has become enormously popular outside of academia. Certainly, there are several topics that are popular among the public and widely used by businesses despite being viewed negatively by academics; however, there is some danger in the widespread perception that group differences between individuals of different ages can be explained by generational membership. Although it might be tempting to consider these generational stereotypes as simply innocuous misperceptions supervisors may hold, they may, in fact, be quite harmful. The purpose of this article is to further expand on the potential for these stereotypes to be harmful for older and younger employees.

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Perceptions Regarding the Academic and Cognitive Performance of Individuals With Cleft Lip and/or Palate

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/1055665621995308 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105566562199530

Author(s):

İlkem Kara ◽

Aydan Baştuğ Dumbak ◽

Maviş Emel Kulak Kayıkcı

Keyword(s):

Academic Performance ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

General Public ◽

Cleft Lip ◽

Group Differences ◽

Web Based ◽

The Public ◽

Adverse Impacts ◽

Facial Difference ◽

Self Administered Questionnaire

Introduction: Factors such as teachers’ appropriate support and social interactions have an impact on the academic performance of children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). This study was designed to investigate the perceptions of the teachers and the general public about the academic and cognitive performance of individuals with CL/P. Methods: This study was included 360 (male/female = 102/258) teachers and 640 (male/female = 259/381) participants that represent the general public. Anonymized web-based and paper-and-pencil self-administered questionnaire that included multiple-choice and yes/no questions were administered. Within-group differences and intergroup differences were analyzed in terms of academic and cognitive performance. Results: Most of the teachers and the general public indicated that the academic and cognitive performance of individuals with CL/P is the same as their unaffected peers. A significantly higher proportion of the teachers indicated that the academic performance of children with CL/P is the same as their unaffected peers than the general public. Conclusion: Considering that the general public’s attitudes and appropriate teacher support are crucial to prevent adverse impacts on the lives of individuals with CL/P, it is important to support teachers with the appropriate information and to encourage the public to recognize that everybody with a facial difference should be treated as an individual rather than a disability.

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Popularising Croll: an opportunity for expression and creativity

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s1755691021000062 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Jo WOOLF

Keyword(s):

Public Awareness ◽

Public Domain ◽

Scientific Theories ◽

Ice Ages ◽

Profound Impact ◽

The Public ◽

Different Ages ◽

Points Of View ◽

Earth’S Climate

ABSTRACT James Croll (1821–1890) was a gifted scientist whose revolutionary theories had a profound impact on our understanding of the Earth's climate, ice ages and glaciation. While his contributions are recognised by an increasing number of modern-day scientists, in the public domain his legacy has been all but forgotten. Popularising Croll's story brings its own challenges: we know more about the science than we do about the man, and his theories do not lend themselves to quick and easy explanation. While Croll's scientific theories, presented alone, risk being viewed as complex and difficult to digest, his lifelong struggle against adversity is a compelling story with the potential for widespread public appeal. In recent years, interested individuals and institutions have begun to increase public awareness of Croll through talks and lectures, exhibitions, theatrical events and articles in print and online. There are many more possibilities that are worth investigating, in order to inspire and engage people locally, nationally and even internationally. Croll's story is fascinating from many points of view, and is open to interpretation by people of different ages and backgrounds. Perhaps even the gaps in our knowledge can be turned to advantage, allowing for imagination, creativity and expression.

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Patient and public involvement and engagement: Practice case study with reflections and learnings from a small rural district general hospital

Research for All ◽

10.14324/rfa.05.2.16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Zoë A. Sheppard ◽

Sarah Williams ◽

Richard Lawson ◽

Kim Appleby

Keyword(s):

General Hospital ◽

Public Involvement ◽

District General Hospital ◽

Patient And Public Involvement ◽

Rural District ◽

Relevant Research ◽

The Public ◽

Research Volunteers ◽

Large Groups

The notion of patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) in research has been around for some time, and it is considered essential to ensure high-quality relevant research that is shared and that will make a difference. This case study of practice aims to share the PPIE practice from Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, a small rural district general hospital. It describes the process of recruiting patients and members of the public as research volunteers, as well as the plethora of engagement and involvement activities with which they have been involved to date. This is followed by a reflection on the process and an overview of plans for the future, highlighting key challenges as well as learnings. A dedicated role to support/oversee PPIE activities is recommended to coordinate large groups of research volunteers, as well as to monitor the important impact of their input, which is considerable. Increasing diversity and access to under-served groups, and embedding the research volunteer role within the wider clinical research team, are also highlighted as fundamental challenges, as well as opportunities to make the most from this valuable resource. The case study of practice puts forward a recommendation to all research departments to embed PPIE in all of the work that they do.

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Activating the edge: Investigating landscape architectures potential to utilise transport infrastructures public life generating ability

10.26686/wgtn.17007799 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Jordan Kuiti

Keyword(s):

Public Life ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Test Site ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

The Public ◽

Functional Aspects ◽

The Social ◽

New Development ◽

Large Groups ◽

The City

<p>Transport infrastructure is a key aspect of any city. The ability to move large groups of people into and through the city can positively or negatively affect the public life associated with that city. With this in mind transport infrastructure is often designed in a very technical manner, which seeks to move maximum numbers of people around the system as fast as possible for the least amount of money. There seems to be a lack of embrace of other aspects associated with transport infrastructure. These other aspects include public life, place making, enjoyment, and what is the transport adding to the city? With the population of New Zealand’s cities increasing, more money is being allocated to transport infrastructure projects. With a change in approach these projects could work functionally but also offer other benefits, such as public life, new development, enhanced identity, and importantly a more liveable city for the inhabitants. Instead of the functional aspects of transport infrastructure being the only driver, a more holistic approach should be utilised which takes into account the social and public life generating potential. Wellington City has been chosen as a test site as it is an example of a city currently going through transport infrastructure upgrades whilst also struggling with future transport issues. Situated in a unique harbour setting the waterfront is split from the CBD with a traffic heavy six-lane road. The harbour offers a transport resource that is not being utilised. Ferry transport offers a new approach to transport in Wellington that offers greater benefits than just moving people around the system. This thesis proposes a fresh look at transport infrastructure in Wellington with the development of a ferry network designed to service the entire Wellington Harbour. Through researching the development potentials offered by transport networks this thesis argues that a holistic approach to transport infrastructure can have wider reaching benefits that just moving people around the system efficiently.</p>

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Group-Based Experiences of Discrimination

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.3 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Kecia M. Thomas ◽

Victoria Plaut ◽

Sabrina D. Volpone ◽

B. Lindsay Brown ◽

Robert Sleight

Keyword(s):

Identity Development ◽

Social Identity Theory ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Development Theory ◽

Group Differences ◽

The Public ◽

Cognitive Dynamics ◽

Economic Class ◽

Categorization Theory ◽

The Social

Group-based disparities in education and training, employment, health, and income persist even though there is growing attention to issues of race, gender, sexuality, and economic class by academics and the public at large. This chapter reviews the contributions made by cognitive psychology, namely social identity theory and social categorization theory, to our understanding of why differences matter. Furthermore, it seeks to provide greater attention to the social and cultural context in which meaning is ascribed and enacted to group differences through turning its focus to issues of privilege, power, and diversity ideologies, which complicate the cognitive dynamics typically explored. It also seeks to understand the experience of marginalization due to group membership through an examination of group-based discrimination through the lenses of identity development theory and subsequently intersectionality.

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Female Sex Offenders: Public Awareness and Attributions

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00197 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 1044-1063

Author(s):

Calli M. Cain ◽

Amy L. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Sex Offenders ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Social Indicators ◽

Group Differences ◽

Female Sex Offenders ◽

Sex Offending ◽

The Public ◽

Female Sex ◽

Traditional Gender Roles

Traditional gender roles, sex scripts, and the way female sex offenders are portrayed in the media may lead to misconceptions about who can commit sexual offenses. Sexual crimes by women may go unnoticed or unreported if there is a general lack of awareness that females commit these crimes. Data from the 2012 Nebraska Annual Social Indicators Survey were used to determine whether the public perceives women as capable sex offenders and the perceived causes of female sex offending. The traditional focus on male sex offenders by researchers, media, and politicians, in addition to gender stereotypes, introduces the possibility of group differences (e.g., between men and women) in perceptions of female sex offenders. Consequently, two secondary analyses were conducted that tested for group differences in both the public’s perception of whether females can commit sex offenses and the explanations selected for why females sexually offend. The findings suggest that the public does perceive women as capable sex offenders, although there were group differences in the causal attributions for female sex offending.

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Observations on the Interplay between Large and Small Analytic Groups

Group Analysis ◽

10.1177/0533316411424387 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 439-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ben Rippa ◽

Eric Moss ◽

Mishael Chirurg

Keyword(s):

Small Groups ◽

Similar Pattern ◽

The Internet ◽

Clear Pattern ◽

Core Group ◽

Large Group ◽

Training Programmes ◽

Large Groups ◽

Live Group

The authors address unanswered questions about the attraction of the often stormy large group and the interplay between it and small groups. If the large group is a place that arouses many difficult feelings, why do people in conferences, workshops, training programmes and on the Internet continue to participate in them? The authors found that within Internet large groups there was a clear pattern of setting up a small, intimate core group. They found a similar pattern in two live, group workshops. The authors learned that large and small groups are intricately related, and that when participants have the chance, they choose to continue in an on-going, back-and-forth movement between each.

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Collective learning in news consumption

10.31234/osf.io/w6nc5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Niccolo Pescetelli ◽

Alex Rutherford ◽

Albert Kao ◽

Iyad Rahwan

Keyword(s):

Public Information ◽

The Public ◽

Digital Space ◽

News Sources ◽

Statistical Argument ◽

Collective Performance ◽

Collective Information ◽

Information Landscape ◽

Information Providers ◽

Large Groups

In a complex digital space---where information is shared without vetting from central authorities and where emotional content, rather than factual veracity, better predicts content spread---individuals often need to learn through experience which news sources to trust and rely on. Although public and experts' intuition alike call for stronger scrutiny of public information providers, and reliance on global trusted outlets, there is a statistical argument to be made that counter these prescriptions. We consider the scenario in which news statements are used by individuals to achieve a collective payoff---as is the case in many electoral contexts. In this case, a plurality of independent though less accurate news providers might be better for the public good than having fewer highly accurate ones. In a carefully controlled experiment, we asked people to make binary forecasts and rewarded them for their individual or collective performance. In accordance with theoretical expectations, we found that when collectively rewarded people learned to rely more on local information sources and that this strategy accrued better collective performance. Importantly, these effects positively scaled with group size so that larger groups benefited more from trusting local news sources. We validate these claims against a real-world news dataset. These findings show the importance of independent (instead of simply accurate) voices in any information landscape, but particularly when large groups of people want to maximize their collective payoff. These results suggest---at least statistically speaking---that emphasizing collective payoffs in large networks of news end-users might foster resilience to collective information failures.

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The role of familiarity on within-person age judgements from voices

10.31234/osf.io/3wq6r ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nadine Lavan

Keyword(s):

Discrimination Task ◽

Good Accuracy ◽

Age Discrimination ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Different Ages ◽

Age Perception ◽

Phonetic Cues ◽

Age Range ◽

The Voice

Listeners can perceive a person’s age from their voice with good accuracy. Studies have usually established this by asking listeners to directly estimate the age of unfamiliar voices. The recordings used mostly include cross-sectional samples of voices, including a people of different ages to cover the age range of interest. Such cross-sectional samples likely not only include cues to age in the sound of the voice but also socio-phonetic cues, encoded in how a person speaks. How accuracy is affected when minimising socio-phonetic cues by sampling the same voice at different timepoints remains largely unknown. Similarly, with the voices in age perception studies being usually unfamiliar to listeners, it is unclear how familiarity with a voice affects age perception. We asked listeners who were either familiar or unfamiliar with a set of voices to complete an age discrimination task: Listeners heard two recordings of the same person’s voice, recorded 15 years apart, and were asked to indicate in which recording the person was younger. Accuracy for both familiar and unfamiliar listeners was above chance. While familiarity advantages were apparent, accuracy was not particularly high: Familiar and unfamiliar listeners were correct for 68.2% and 62.7% of trials respectively (chance = 50%). Familiarity furthermore interacted with the voices included. Overall, our findings indicate that age perception from voices is not a trivial task at all times – even when listeners are familiar with a voice. We discuss our findings in light of how reliable voice may be as a signal for age.

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