scholarly journals Modeling oscillations in connected glacial lakes

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (253) ◽  
pp. 745-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron G. Stubblefield ◽  
Timothy T. Creyts ◽  
Jonathan Kingslake ◽  
Marc Spiegelman
Keyword(s):  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Glacial Lakes ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Lake Model ◽  
Dependent Model ◽  
Subglacial Lakes

AbstractMountain glaciers and ice sheets often host marginal and subglacial lakes that are hydraulically connected through subglacial drainage systems. These lakes exhibit complex dynamics that have been the subject of models for decades. Here we introduce and analyze a model for the evolution of glacial lakes connected by subglacial channels. Subglacial channel equations are supplied with effective pressure boundary conditions that are determined by a simple lake model. While the model can describe an arbitrary number of lakes, we solve it numerically with a finite element method for the case of two connected lakes. We examine the effect of relative lake size and spacing on the oscillations. Complex oscillations in the downstream lake are driven by discharge out of the upstream lake. These include multi-peaked and anti-phase filling–draining events. Similar filling–draining cycles have been observed on the Kennicott Glacier in Alaska and at the confluence of the Whillans and Mercer ice streams in West Antarctica. We further construct a simplified ordinary differential equation model that displays the same qualitative behavior as the full, spatially-dependent model. We analyze this model using dynamical systems theory to explain the appearance of filling–draining cycles as the meltwater supply varies.

scholarly journals Connected subglacial lake activity on lower Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams, West Antarctica, 2003–2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (190) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Amanda Fricker ◽  
Ted Scambos
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Image Differencing ◽  
Subglacial Lake ◽  
Modis Image ◽  
Hydrologic System ◽  
Image Pairs ◽  
Subglacial Lakes

AbstractWe examine patterns of localized surface elevation change in lower Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams, West Antarctica, which we interpret as subglacial water movement through a system of lakes and channels. We detect and measure the lake activity using repeat-track laser altimetry from ICESat and image differencing from MODIS image pairs. A hydrostatic-potential map for the region shows that the lakes are distributed across three distinct hydrologic regimes. Our analysis shows that, within these regimes, some of the subglacial lakes appear to be linked, with drainage events in one reservoir causing filling and follow-on drainage in adjacent lakes. We also observe changes near ice raft ‘a’ in lower Whillans Ice Stream, and interpret them as evidence of subglacial water and other changes at the bed. The study provides quantitative information about the properties of this complex subglacial hydrologic system, and a relatively unstudied component of ice-sheet mass balance: subglacial drainage across the grounding line.

scholarly journals Past water flow beneath Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Kirkham ◽  
Kelly A. Hogan ◽  
Robert D. Larter ◽  
Neil S. Arnold ◽  
Frank O. Nitsche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Dry Valleys ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Subglacial Lake ◽  
Lake Drainage ◽  
Subglacial Lakes ◽  
Glacial Periods ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Outburst floods from subglacial lakes beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet modulate ice flow velocities over periods of months to years. Although subglacial lake drainage events have been observed from satellite altimetric data, little is known about their role in the long term evolution of ice sheet basal hydrology. Here, we systematically map and model past water flow through an extensive area containing over 1000 subglacial channels and 19 former lake basins exposed on over 19,000 km2 of seafloor by the retreat of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica. At 560 m wide and 50 m deep on average, the channels offshore of present day Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers are approximately twice as deep, three times as wide, and cover an area over 400 times larger than the terrestrial meltwater channels comprising the Labyrinth in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. The channels incised into bedrock offshore of contemporary Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers would have been capable of accommodating discharges of up to 8.8 × 106 m3 s−1. We suggest that the channels were formed by episodic, high magnitude discharges from subglacial lakes trapped during ice sheet advance and retreat over multiple glacial periods. Our results document the widespread influence of episodic subglacial drainage events during past glacial periods, in particular beneath large ice streams similar to those that continue to dominate contemporary ice-sheet discharge.

scholarly journals Evidence of rapid subglacial water piracy under Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (218) ◽  
pp. 1147-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Carter ◽  
H.A. Fricker ◽  
M.R. Siegfried
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Water System ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Ice Cloud ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Whillans Ice Stream ◽  
Subglacial Lakes

AbstractThe subglacial water system of lower Whillans Ice Stream on the Siple Coast, West Antarctica, contains numerous connected subglacial lakes in three hydrological basins (northern, central and southern). We use Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) data to derive estimates of lake volume change and regional thickness changes. By combining these results with a water budget model, we show that a uniform, localized thickness increase perturbed the hydropotential, resulting in a change in course of a major flow path within the system in 2005. Water originating from upper Whillans and Kamb Ice Streams that previously supplied the southern basin became diverted toward Subglacial Lake Whillans (SLW). This diversion led to a tenfold filling rate increase of SLW. Our observation suggests that water piracy may be common in the Siple Coast region, where the gentle basal relief makes the basal hydropotential particularly sensitive to small changes in ice thickness. Given the previously inferred connections between water piracy and ice-stream slowdown elsewhere in the region, the subtle and complex nature of this system presents new challenges for numerical models.

scholarly journals Past water flow beneath Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1959-1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Kirkham ◽  
Kelly A. Hogan ◽  
Robert D. Larter ◽  
Neil S. Arnold ◽  
Frank O. Nitsche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Dry Valleys ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Subglacial Lake ◽  
Lake Drainage ◽  
Subglacial Lakes ◽  
Glacial Periods ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Outburst floods from subglacial lakes beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet modulate ice-flow velocities over periods of months to years. Although subglacial lake drainage events have been observed from satellite-altimetric data, little is known about their role in the long-term evolution of ice-sheet basal hydrology. Here, we systematically map and model past water flow through an extensive area containing over 1000 subglacial channels and 19 former lake basins exposed on over 19 000 km2 of seafloor by the retreat of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica. At 507 m wide and 43 m deep on average, the channels offshore of present-day Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers are approximately twice as deep, 3 times as wide, and cover an area over 400 times larger than the terrestrial meltwater channels comprising the Labyrinth in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. The channels incised into bedrock offshore of contemporary Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers would have been capable of accommodating discharges of up to 8.8×106 m3 s−1. We suggest that the channels were formed by episodic discharges from subglacial lakes trapped during ice-sheet advance and retreat over multiple glacial periods. Our results document the widespread influence of episodic subglacial drainage events during past glacial periods, in particular beneath large ice streams similar to those that continue to dominate contemporary ice-sheet discharge.

scholarly journals Subglacial lakes and hydrology across the Ellsworth Subglacial Highlands, West Antarctica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Napoleoni ◽  
Stewart S.R. Jamieson ◽  
Neil Ross ◽  
Michael J. Bentley ◽  
Andrés Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Ice Dynamics ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Ice Sheet Dynamics ◽  
Subglacial Lakes ◽  
Elevation Model

Abstract. Subglacial water plays an important role in ice sheet dynamics and stability. It is often located at the onset of ice streams and has the potential to enhance ice flow downstream by lubricating the ice-bed interface. The most recent subglacial lake inventory of Antarctica mapped nearly 400 lakes, of which ~ 14 % are found in West Antarctica. Despite the potential importance of subglacial water for ice dynamics, there is a lack of detailed subglacial water characterization in West Antarctica. Using radio-echo sounding data, we analyse the ice-bed interface to detect subglacial lakes. We report 37 previously uncharted subglacial lakes and present a systematic analysis of their physical properties. This represents a ~ 60 % increase in subglacial lakes in the region. Additionally, a new digital elevation model of basal topography was built and used to create a detailed hydropotential model of Ellsworth Subglacial Highlands to simulate the subglacial hydrological network. This approach allows us to characterize basal hydrology, subglacial water catchments and connections between them. Furthermore, the simulated subglacial hydrological catchments of Rutford Ice Stream, Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier do not match precisely with their ice surface catchments.

scholarly journals Subglacial lakes and hydrology across the Ellsworth Subglacial Highlands, West Antarctica

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 4507-4524
Author(s):  
Felipe Napoleoni ◽  
Stewart S. R. Jamieson ◽  
Neil Ross ◽  
Michael J. Bentley ◽  
Andrés Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Ice Dynamics ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Ice Sheet Dynamics ◽  
Subglacial Lakes ◽  
Elevation Model

Abstract. Subglacial water plays an important role in ice sheet dynamics and stability. Subglacial lakes are often located at the onset of ice streams and have been hypothesised to enhance ice flow downstream by lubricating the ice–bed interface. The most recent subglacial-lake inventory of Antarctica mapped nearly 400 lakes, of which ∼ 14 % are found in West Antarctica. Despite the potential importance of subglacial water for ice dynamics, there is a lack of detailed subglacial-water characterisation in West Antarctica. Using radio-echo sounding data, we analyse the ice–bed interface to detect subglacial lakes. We report 33 previously uncharted subglacial lakes and present a systematic analysis of their physical properties. This represents a ∼ 40 % increase in subglacial lakes in West Antarctica. Additionally, a new digital elevation model of basal topography of the Ellsworth Subglacial Highlands was built and used to create a hydropotential model to simulate the subglacial hydrological network. This allows us to characterise basal hydrology, determine subglacial water catchments and assess their connectivity. We show that the simulated subglacial hydrological catchments of the Rutford Ice Stream, Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier do not correspond to their ice surface catchments.

scholarly journals Of isbræ and ice streams

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Truffer ◽  
Keith A. Echelmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Bed Topography ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Fast Ice ◽  
Fast Flow ◽  
End Members

AbstractFast-flowing ice streams and outlet glaciers provide the major avenues for ice flow from past and present ice sheets. These ice streams move faster than the surrounding ice sheet by a factor of 100 or more. Several mechanisms for fast ice-stream flow have been identified, leading to a spectrum of different ice-stream types. In this paper we discuss the two end members of this spectrum, which we term the “ice-stream” type (represented by the Siple Coast ice streams in West Antarctica) and the “isbræ” type (represented by Jakobshavn Isbræ in Greenland). The typical ice stream is wide, relatively shallow (∼1000 m), has a low surface slope and driving stress (∼10 kPa), and ice-stream location is not strongly controlled by bed topography. Fast flow is possible because the ice stream has a slippery bed, possibly underlain by weak, actively deforming sediments. The marginal shear zones are narrow and support most of the driving stress, and the ice deforms almost exclusively by transverse shear. The margins seem to be inherently unstable; they migrate, and there are plausible mechanisms for such ice streams to shut down. The isbræ type of ice stream is characterized by very high driving stresses, often exceeding 200 kPa. They flow through deep bedrock channels that are significantly deeper than the surrounding ice, and have steep surface slopes. Ice deformation includes vertical as well as lateral shear, and basal motion need not contribute significantly to the overall motion. The marginal shear zone stend to be wide relative to the isbræ width, and the location of isbræ and its margins is strongly controlled by bedrock topography. They are stable features, and can only shut down if the high ice flux cannot be supplied from the adjacent ice sheet. Isbræs occur in Greenland and East Antarctica, and possibly parts of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, West Antarctica. In this paper, we compare and contrast the two types of ice streams, addressing questions such as ice deformation, basal motion, subglacial hydrology, seasonality of ice flow, and stability of the ice streams.

scholarly journals Deformation in Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica: measuring shear-wave anisotropy from icequakes

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (64) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Harland ◽  
J.-M. Kendall ◽  
G.W. Stuart ◽  
G.E. Lloyd ◽  
A.F. Baird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Transversely Isotropic ◽  
Shear Wave Splitting ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Ice Stream ◽  
Wave Splitting

Abstract Ice streams provide major drainage pathways for the Antarctic ice sheet. The stress distribution and style of flow in such ice streams produce elastic and rheological anisotropy, which informs ice-flow modelling as to how ice masses respond to external changes such as global warming. Here we analyse elastic anisotropy in Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, using observations of shear-wave splitting from three-component icequake seismograms to characterize ice deformation via crystal-preferred orientation. Over 110 high-quality measurements are made on 41 events recorded at five stations deployed temporarily near the ice-stream grounding line. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first well-documented observation of shear-wave splitting from Antarctic icequakes. The magnitude of the splitting ranges from 2 to 80 ms and suggests a maximum of 6% shear-wave splitting. The fast shear-wave polarization direction is roughly perpendicular to ice-flow direction. We consider three mechanisms for ice anisotropy: a cluster model (vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) model); a girdle model (horizontal transversely isotropic (HTI) model); and crack-induced anisotropy (HTI model). Based on the data, we can rule out a VTI mechanism as the sole cause of anisotropy – an HTI component is needed, which may be due to ice crystal a-axis alignment in the direction of flow or the alignment of cracks or ice films in the plane perpendicular to the flow direction. The results suggest a combination of mechanisms may be at play, which represent vertical variations in the symmetry of ice crystal anisotropy in an ice stream, as predicted by ice fabric models.

scholarly journals Significant submarine ice loss from the Getz Ice Shelf, Antarctica

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Rippin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. We present the first direct measurements of changes taking place at the base of the Getz Ice Shelf (GzIS) in West Antarctica. Our analysis is based on repeated airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) survey lines gathered in 2010 and 2014. We reveal that while there is significant variability in ice shelf behaviour, the vast majority of the ice shelf (where data is available) is undergoing basal thinning at a mean rate of nearly 13 m a−1, which is several times greater than recent modelling estimates. In regions of faster flowing ice close to where ice streams and outlet glaciers join the ice shelf, significantly greater rates of mass loss occurred. Since thinning is more pronounced close to faster-flowing ice, we propose that dynamic thinning processes may also contribute to mass loss here. Intricate sub-ice circulation patterns exist beneath the GzIS because of its complex sub-ice topography and the fact that it is fed by numerous ice streams and outlet glaciers. It is this complexity which we suggest is also responsible for the spatially variable patterns of ice-shelf change that we observe. The large changes observed here are also important when considering the likelihood and timing of any potential future collapse of the ice shelf, and the impact this would have on the flow rates of feeder ice streams and glaciers, that transmit ice from inland Antarctica to the coast. We propose that as the ice shelf continues to thin in response to warming ocean waters and climate, the response of the ice shelf will be spatially diverse. Given that these measurements represent changes that are significantly greater than modelling outputs, it is also clear that we still do not fully understand how ice shelves respond to warming ocean waters. As a result, ongoing direct measurements of ice shelf change are vital for understanding the future response of ice shelves under a warming climate.

scholarly journals An improved bathymetry compilation for the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, to inform ice-sheet and ocean models

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2079-2101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. C. Graham ◽  
F. O. Nitsche ◽  
R. D. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Bellingshausen Sea ◽  
Warm Deep Water ◽  
Basal Melting

Abstract. The southern Bellingshausen Sea (SBS) is a rapidly-changing part of West Antarctica, where oceanic and atmospheric warming has led to the recent basal melting and break-up of the Wilkins ice shelf, the dynamic thinning of fringing glaciers, and sea-ice reduction. Accurate sea-floor morphology is vital for understanding the continued effects of each process upon changes within Antarctica's ice sheets. Here we present a new bathymetric grid for the SBS compiled from shipborne echo-sounder, spot-sounding and sub-ice measurements. The 1-km grid is the most detailed compilation for the SBS to-date, revealing large cross-shelf troughs, shallow banks, and deep inner-shelf basins that continue inland of coastal ice shelves. The troughs now serve as pathways which allow warm deep water to access the ice fronts in the SBS. Our dataset highlights areas still lacking bathymetric constraint, as well as regions for further investigation, including the likely routes of palaeo-ice streams. The new compilation is a major improvement upon previous grids and will be a key dataset for incorporating into simulations of ocean circulation, ice-sheet change and history. It will also serve forecasts of ice stability and future sea-level contributions from ice loss in West Antarctica, required for the next IPCC assessment report in 2013.

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