Correcting a 135-year error: Limulidae Leach, 1819 (Chelicerata, Xiphosura) is the proper authority, not Limulidae Zittel, 1885

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Philip M. Novack-Gottshall ◽  
Roy E. Plotnick
Keyword(s):  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Genus

The horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a famous species, renowned as a ‘living fossil’ (Owen, 1873; Barthel, 1974; Kin and Błażejowski, 2014) for its apparently little-changed morphology for many millions of years. The genus Limulus Müller, 1785 was used by Leach (1819, p. 536) as the basis of a new family Limulidae and synonymized it with Polyphemus Lamarck, 1801 (Lamarck's proposed but later unaccepted replacement for Limulus, as discussed by Van der Hoeven, 1838, p. 8) and Xyphotheca Gronovius, 1764 (later changed to Xiphosura Gronovius, 1764, another junior synonym of Limulus). He also included the valid modern genus Tachypleus Leach, 1819 in the family. The primary authority of Leach (1819) is widely recognized in the neontological literature (e.g., Dunlop et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2017). It is also the authority recognized in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS Editorial Board, 2021).

scholarly journals Elucidating the Function of an Ancient NF-κB p100 Homologue, CrRelish, in Antibacterial Defense

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 664-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze Hua Fan ◽  
Xiao Wei Wang ◽  
Jinhua Lu ◽  
Bow Ho ◽  
Jeak Ling Ding
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Sequence Context ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Repeated Infection ◽  
The Family

ABSTRACT The family of NF-κB transcription factors essentially regulates immune-related gene expression. Recently, we isolated and characterized the classical NF-κB/inhibitor κB (IκB) homologues from a “living fossil,” the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Interestingly, this ancient species also harbors another class I NF-κB p100 homologue, C. rotundicauda Relish (CrRelish). Similar to Drosophila Relish and the mammalian p100, CrRelish contains both the Rel-homology domains (RHD) and the IκB-like domain. In this study, we found that the RHD of CrRelish can recognize horseshoe crab and human κB response elements and activate the downstream reporter in vitro, thereby suggesting the evolutionary conservation of this molecule. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection transcriptionally upregulates CrRelish, which exhibits a dynamic protein profile over the time course of infection. Surprisingly, secondary infection reinduced an upsurge in CrRelish protein expression to a level which overrode the protein degradation at 12 h postinfection. These observations strongly suggest the involvement of CrRelish in antibacterial defense. Secondary infection causes (i) the maintenance of a favorable expression-competent sequence context of the CrRelish gene and/or (ii) the derepression or stabilization of the CrRelish transcript resulting from the primary infection to enable the more rapid expression and accumulation of the CrRelish protein, reflecting apparent signal/immune priming in a repeated infection.

Is Copytus Skogsberg, 1939 (Crustacea: Ostracoda) a neocytherideid? With description of a new family and two new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4729 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
JOÃO CARLOS COIMBRA ◽  
CRISTIANINI TRESCASTRO BERGUE ◽  
MARIA INÊS FEIJÓ RAMOS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
The South ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two New Species

The genus Copytus Skogsberg, 1939 was erected based on C. caligula, recovered from bottom sediments of the South Georgia Island, Antarctica. However, we propose herein that Skogsberg’s species is a junior synonym of Cytherideis laevata Brady, 1880 also collected from Antarctica and, therefore, Copytus laevata (Brady, 1880) becomes the type species. The position of the genus Copytus in the family Neocytherideidae is discussed, and a new family is proposed. In addition, we consider the genus Neocopytus Külköylüoðlu, Colin & Kiliç, 2007 invalid, and some of its species are transferred to Copytus. Finally, two new species of Copytus are herein described, C. cuspidata sp. nov. and C. wuerdigae sp. nov., and their geographic, bathymetric and stratigraphic distributions are discussed. 

Truncated log-logistic Family of Distributions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohadese Akbarinasab ◽  
Ali Reza Arabpour ◽  
Abbas Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Method ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Logistic Distribution ◽  
Real Dataset ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Family Of Distributions ◽  
Better Than

Background & Aim: There are various data associated with any events in the world which need to be analyzed. In response to this, many researchers attempt to find appropriate methods that could better fit these data using new models. One of these methods is to introduce new distributions which could better describe available data. During last few years, new distributions have been extended based on existing well-known distributions. Usually, new distributions have more parameters than existing ones. This addition of parameter(s) has been proved useful in exploring tail properties and also for improving the goodness-of-fit of the family under study. Methods & Materials: A new family of distributions is introduced by using truncated log-logistic distribution. Some statistical and reliability properties of the new family are derived. Results: Four special lifetime models of the new family are investigated. We estimate the parameters by maximum likelihood method. The obtained results are validated using a real dataset and it is shown that the new distributions provide a better fit than some other known distributions. Conclusion: We have provided four new distributions. The flexibility of the proposed distributions and increased range of skewness was able to fit and capture features in one real dataset much better than some competitor distributions

Companions at a Distance: Technoscience, Blood, and the Horseshoe Crab

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priska Gisler ◽  
Mike Michael
Keyword(s):  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate ◽  
Living Fossil ◽  
Rutgers University ◽  
Companion Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test

AbstractIn this paper we present a particular history of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab, as a means of expanding on Haraway’s notion of companion species. Drawing on accounts of the horseshoe crab’s role, on the one hand, in work of the Serological Museum at Rutgers University that spanned the 1940s to the 1970s, and, on the other, in the development of the limulus amebocyte lysate test, we trace some of the complexities of human-limulus relations. These relations encompassed not only the horseshoe crab’s objectification (as a source of serum), but also the natural historical, the mythical, and the symbolic (in relation to its blue blood or its supposed status as a “living fossil”). We suggest that the horseshoe crab, and similarly alien or abjected species, can be valued as companion species if this concept is expanded beyond parameters such as intimacy, surprise, and “becoming-with” to include distanciation, wonder, and “becoming-because-of.”

The Limulus-eye view of the world

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik D. Herzog ◽  
Robert B. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Total Field ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
The World

AbstractThe compound lateral eye of the adult horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, views the world with approximately 1000 ommatidia. Their optical properties and orientation determine the eye's resolution, field of view, and light collecting ability. Optic axes of adjacent ommatidia diverge from 1–15 deg with an average value of 5.5 deg yielding an average resolution of 0.1 cycles/deg. Resolution is not uniform across the eye: along horizontal planes, it is maximal in the anterior region of the eye (0.22 cycle/deg) and minimal in the posterior region (0.07 cycle/deg); along vertical planes, it is maximal near or just below the horizon (0.23 cycle/deg) and minimal above the horizon (0.04 cycle/deg). Together the ommatidia of one eye view approximately 60% of the hemispheric world on one side of the body. There is little binocular overlap (<1% of total field). Ommatidial facets of up to 320 μm in diameter (among the largest known in the animal kingdom) make the eye a superb light collector. Limulus are known to use vision to find mates both day and night. Apparently, the optics of the lateral eye sample a large enough part of the world with sufficient resolution and light-collecting ability for the animal to succeed at this essential task.

Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4489 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CELSO O. AZEVEDO ◽  
ISABEL D.C.C. ALENCAR ◽  
MAGNO S. RAMOS ◽  
DIEGO N. BARBOSA ◽  
WESLEY D. COLOMBO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Family Group ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Taxonomic Evaluation

The flat wasp family Bethylidae Haliday lacks global scale literature on their alpha taxonomy. The only world revision for the family was by Kieffer in 1914 and is fully out of date and somewhat useless; the only catalog for the family was made by Gordh & Móczár in 1990 and does not include hundreds of changes made since then; and the most recent world genera keys were proposed by Terayama in 2003, but do not reflect the current knowledge we have for the family. Given this scenario, we present a global guide of Bethylidae with diagnoses, taxonomic evaluation, keys, and a checklist of all their extant genera and subfamilies. We visited the main collections around the world, analyzed about 2,000 holotypes, and examined at least 400,000 specimens. To eliminate homonymies, we add the prefix “neo” to the original specific epithet when possible. The family is now composed by 2,920 species allocated in 96 genera distributed in eight subfamilies: Bethylinae, Pristocerinae, Epyrinae, Mesitiinae, Scleroderminae, Lancepyrinae, Holopsenellinae and Protopristocerinae. The latter three are extinct. One new family-group synonym is proposed: Fushunochrysidae Hong syn. nov. of Bethylidae. Two incertae sedis genera are allocated into Bethylinae: Cretobethylellus Rasnytsyn and Omaloderus Walker. One new genus-group synonym is revalidated: Pristepyris Kieffer stat. rev. from Acrepyris Kieffer. Sixteen new genus-group synonyms are proposed: Fushunochrysites Hong syn. nov. and Sinibethylus Hong syn. nov. of Eupsenella Westwood; Messoria Meunier syn. nov. of Goniozus Förster; Acrepyris Kieffer syn. nov. of Pristepyris Kieffer; Apristocera Kieffer syn. nov. and Parapristocera Brues syn. nov. of Pristocera Klug; Usakosia Kieffer syn. nov. of Prosapenesia Kieffer; Isobrachium Förster syn. nov., Leptepyris Kieffer syn. nov., Neodisepyris Kurian syn. nov., Rhabdepyris Kieffer syn. nov. of Epyris Westwood; Codorcas Nagy syn. nov., Hamusmus Argaman syn. nov. and Ukayakos Argaman syn. nov. of Heterocoelia Dahlbom; Domonkos Argaman syn. nov. of Incertosulcus Móczár; Ateleopterus Förster syn. nov. of Sclerodermus Latreille. One new genus-group synonym is revalidated: Topcobius Nagy syn. rev. of Sulcomesitius Móczár. One new genus-group revalidation is proposed: Incertosulcus Móczár stat. rev. from Anaylax Móczár. The following species-group nomenclatural acts are established: 153 new or revalidated combinations, 16 new names to avoid secondary homonyms, 11 species with revalidated status, and one synonym. Keys to the subfamilies and genera are provided. The text is supported by 599 illustrations organized onto 92 plates. 

Quaternary structure of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
T. Wichertjes ◽  
E.J. Kwak ◽  
E.F.J. Van Bruggen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Temperature Jump ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Crystallographic Analysis ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intact Molecule

Hemocyanin of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) has been studied in nany ways. Recently the structure, dissociation and reassembly was studied using electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens as the method of investigation. Crystallization of the protein proved to be possible and X-ray crystallographic analysis was started. Also fluorescence properties of the hemocyanin after dialysis against Tris-glycine buffer + 0.01 M EDTA pH 8.9 (so called “stripped” hemocyanin) and its fractions II and V were studied, as well as functional properties of the fractions by NMR. Finally the temperature-jump method was used for assaying the oxygen binding of the dissociating molecule and of preparations of isolated subunits. Nevertheless very little is known about the structure of the intact molecule. Schutter et al. suggested that the molecule possibly consists of two halves, combined in a staggered way, the halves themselves consisting of four subunits arranged in a square.

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