scholarly journals Comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference: implications for child health programmes

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 942-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes de Onis ◽  
Adelheid W Onyango ◽  
Elaine Borghi ◽  
Cutberto Garza ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
International Growth ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Health Programmes

AbstractObjectivesTo compare growth patterns and estimates of malnutrition based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards (‘the WHO standards’) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO international growth reference (‘the NCHS reference’), and discuss implications for child health programmes.DesignSecondary analysis of longitudinal data to compare growth patterns (birth to 12 months) and data from two cross-sectional surveys to compare estimates of malnutrition among under-fives.SettingsBangladesh, Dominican Republic and a pooled sample of infants from North America and Northern Europe.SubjectsRespectively 4787, 10 381 and 226 infants and children.ResultsHealthy breast-fed infants tracked along the WHO standard's weight-for-age mean Z-score while appearing to falter on the NCHS reference from 2 months onwards. Underweight rates increased during the first six months and thereafter decreased when based on the WHO standards. For all age groups stunting rates were higher according to the WHO standards. Wasting and severe wasting were substantially higher during the first half of infancy. Thereafter, the prevalence of severe wasting continued to be 1.5 to 2.5 times that of the NCHS reference. The increase in overweight rates based on the WHO standards varied by age group, with an overall relative increase of 34%.ConclusionsThe WHO standards provide a better tool to monitor the rapid and changing rate of growth in early infancy. Their adoption will have important implications for child health with respect to the assessment of lactation performance and the adequacy of infant feeding. Population estimates of malnutrition will vary by age, growth indicator and the nutritional status of index populations.

World Health Organization 2006 Child Growth Standards and 2007 Growth Reference Charts

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Turck ◽  
Kim F. Michaelsen ◽  
Raanan Shamir ◽  
Christian Braegger ◽  
Cristina Campoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Health Organization

Validation of growth standards and growth references: A review of literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 136749352110248
Author(s):  
Anesu Marume ◽  
Moherndran Archary ◽  
Saajida Mahomed
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
International Growth ◽  
Growth References ◽  
Standards Adoption ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Similar Growth

The World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards provide the most recognized and widely accepted way of assessing child growth. To ensure its applicability, accuracy, and reliability, studies have validated WHO growth standards against local populations and other internationally recognized growth references. We reviewed outcomes of evaluations done on WHO growth standards and assess the appropriateness of using these growth standards on a global level. We undertook a systematic quantitative review of studies published from 2011 to 2020 from multiple databases. Studies were included if they considered children aged 59 months and below and reported on validation of growth standards. There was an agreement in studies that validated WHO growth standards against international growth references of its superiority in identifying stunted, overweight, and obese children. However, they were less likely to identify underweight children. None of the studies reviewed reported similar growth trajectories to WHO standards in all indicators considered. Regional differences in child growth were observed in comparison to WHO growth standards. Adoption of regional-specific standards increases the sensitivity of identifying children with adverse nutrition outcomes.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Stunting According to WHO Growth Standards and Indonesian Growth Reference Charts: A Descriptive Study from Blega Sub-District

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Nafiys Hilmy ◽  
Maitsa' Fatharani
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Growth Charts ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Growth

Stunting is one of the remaining health issues in Indonesia and its prevalence was still high in the last decades. There are two types of growth charts that can be used in recording the child's growth: growth standards and growth references. In recent times, the selection of the suitable growth charts has become a subject of discussion in many countries. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of stunting according to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHOCGS) and Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts (INGRC) of children under five from the Blega sub-district. The secondary data from 2884 children were collected recapitulation of the 'Bulan Timbang' program in February 2020. Z-score of length/height-for-age was plotted according to WHOCGS and INGRC. The result showed that the prevalence of stunting were lower for the INGRC than WHOCGS (5.83% and 11.17%, with p-value <0.001). There was an advantage and disadvantage when using both two growth charts. Further research is still needed to support the result of this study. Keywords:  Stunting, World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts

scholarly journals Socioeconomic predictors of unconstrained child growth in Muscat, Oman

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-302
Author(s):  
A. J. Mohamed ◽  
A. W. Onyango ◽  
M. de Onis ◽  
N. Prakash ◽  
R. M. Mabry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
International Growth ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Sociodemographic Data ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Health Registers ◽  
Height For Age

Weconducted a study to identify socioeconomic factors associated with unconstrained growth among preschoolers in Muscat, Oman. A sample of children born in 1995 and aged 28-43 months was drawn from the Child Health Registers of 2 health care centres. Sociodemographic data were collected by oral interview and maternal and child anthropometry measured. Regression analysis was used to identify socioeconomic indicators and cut-offs associated with unconstrained growth. Children from households with a monthly income > or = 800 Omani rials and mother’s education > or = 4 years attained height-for-age levels comparable to the current international growth reference. By screening using this criterion, we could obtain a suitable sample for the World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study in Muscat

scholarly journals Cross-sectional study of child and adolescent growth in Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 006
Author(s):  
Wilmer Alexander Tarupi ◽  
Yvan Lepage ◽  
Roland Hauspie ◽  
María Luisa Félix ◽  
Claude Monnier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curves ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Health Organization

Child growth is internationally recognized as an important indicator for monitoring health in populations. There exists a wide controversy regarding the use of international growth standards versus local references. This study seeks to construct reference growth curves for school-age Ecuadorian children and adolescents, and to compare them with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, in order to identify the differences and their public health implications. The study authors enrolled 2891 children (1644 girls and 1247 boys) aged 5 to 18 years, from a variety of climatic zones and ethnic groups. LMS method was used to construct Ecuadorian curves for height, weight and Body Mass Index. Comparisons of Ecuadorian and WHO curves were graphically illustrated. U.S children were taller than Ecuadorian children across all age ranges, with larger differences between the two populations in children over 13 years. Consequently, estimates of low height and extremely low height, as well as overweight, obese and undernourished, were significantly different between WHO standards and the Ecuadorian references. Population-specific growth curves may be more adequate for growth monitoring of Ecuadorian children than WHO growth curves. We advocate for the construction of an Ecuadorian growth reference for clinical use based on national population, from conception to maturity, as an accurate instrument for monitoring growth.

scholarly journals Maternal Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Relation to Child Malnutrition in Gauteng, South Africa: A Retrospective Analysis

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Perpetua Modjadji ◽  
Mpinane Pitso
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
World Health ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Current Tobacco

Tobacco and alcohol use among mothers is associated with numerous adverse consequences for affected offspring, including poor growth and development. This study determined the association between maternal tobacco and alcohol use, and malnutrition, among infants aged ≤ 12 months (n = 300), in selected health facilities situated in Gauteng, South Africa. Data on alcohol and tobacco use were collected using a validated questionnaire, in addition to mothers’ socio-demographic characteristics and obstetric history. Stunting (low height/length-for-age), underweight (low weight-for-age) and thinness (low body mass index-for-age) were calculated using z-scores based on the World Health Organization child growth standards. The association of tobacco and alcohol use with stunting, underweight and thinness was analysed using logistic regression analysis. The results showed a mean age of 29 years (24.0; 35.0) for mothers and 7.6 ± 3 months for infants, and over half of the mothers were unemployed (63%). Approximately 18.7% of mothers had used tobacco and 3% had used alcohol during pregnancy. The prevalence of current tobacco and alcohol use among mothers were estimated at 14.3% and 49.7%, respectively, and almost three-quarters (67.3%) of them were still breastfeeding during the study period. Stunting (55%) was the most prevalent malnutrition indicator among infants, while underweight was 41.7%, and thinness was 22%. Current tobacco use was associated with increased odds of being thin [OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.09–5.45), and after adjusting for confounders, current alcohol use was associated with the likelihood of being underweight [AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.06–3.63] among infants. Future prospective cohort studies that examine growth patterns among infants who are exposed to maternal tobacco and alcohol use from the intrauterine life to infancy are necessary to inform, partly, the public health programmes, to reduce malnutrition among children.

Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Borghi ◽  
M. de Onis ◽  
C. Garza ◽  
J. Van den Broeck ◽  
E. A. Frongillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Child Growth Curves in High-Altitude Ladakh: Results from a Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3652
Author(s):  
Wen-Chien Yang ◽  
Chun-Min Fu ◽  
Bo-Wei Su ◽  
Chung-Mei Ouyang ◽  
Kuen-Cheh Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Z Scores

High prevalence of child underweight and stunting in high-altitude areas has often been reported. However, most previous studies on this topic were cross-sectional. Another critical concern is that using the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards to evaluate child growth in high-altitude areas may lead to overestimations of underweight and stunting. Our study aimed to evaluate the long-term growth pattern of children (3 to 18 years) above the altitude of 3500 m in Ladakh, India. The participants’ body weight (BW), body height (BH), and body mass index (BMI) were measured annually according to the WHO Child Growth Standards for children under 5 years old and the WHO reference data for children aged 5 to 19 years. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to estimate the means and z-scores of BW, BH, and BMI at different ages. A total of 401 children were enrolled from 2012 to 2018. Their mean z-scores of BW, BH, and BMI were −1.47, −1.44, and −0.85 in 2012 and increased to −0.74, −0.92, and −0.63 in 2018. This population’s specific growth curve was also depicted, which generally fell below the 85th percentile of the WHO standards. This is the first cohort study about long-term child growth patterns in a high-altitude area. The detailed underlying mechanisms of our findings need future research on more representative data of high-altitude populations.

scholarly journals Use of the new World Health Organization Child Growth Standards to Describe Longitudinal Growth of Breastfed Rural Bangladeshi Infants and Young Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuntal K. Saha ◽  
Edward A. Frongillo ◽  
Dewan S. Alam ◽  
Shams E. Arifeen ◽  
Lars Å. Persson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
New World ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Infants And Young Children
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