PEOPLING OF OCEANIA: CLARIFYING AN INITIAL SETTLEMENT HORIZON IN THE MARIANA ISLANDS AT 1500 BC

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike T Carson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Marine Samples ◽  
Oceanic Region ◽  
Initial Settlement ◽  
Incremental Growth

ABSTRACT Radiocarbon (14C) has been instrumental in clarifying how people came to inhabit the expanse of Pacific Oceania, now supporting an “incremental growth model” that shows a number of long-distance sea-crossing migrations over the last few millennia. A crucial step in this narrative involved the initial settlement of the remote-distance Oceanic region, in the case of the Mariana Islands around 1500 BC. The Marianas case can be demonstrated through delineation of stratigraphic layers, dating of individual points or features within those layers, redundant dating of samples in secure contexts, localized and taxon-specific corrections for marine samples, and cross-constraining dating of superimposed layer sequences. Based on the technical and methodological lessons from the Marianas example, the further steps of the incremental growth model will continue to be refined across Pacific Oceania. Many of these issues may be relevant for broader research of ancient settlement horizons in other regions.

Elongated Heterometal Double-Sites Promote Nitrogen Reduction on Two-Dimensional MM’B7 Monolayers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changyan Zhu ◽  
Chaoxia Wen ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Yun Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Crucial Step

The efficient activation of the adsorbed N2 is the initial and crucial step in the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) but remains a long-standing challenge. Attaching long-distance heterometal M and...

Growth of the saucer scallop, Amusium japonicum balloti Habe, in central eastern Queensland

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Williams ◽  
MCL Dredge
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Von Bertalanffy ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Von Bertalanffy Growth Model ◽  
Central Eastern

Tag-recapture data were used to determine growth and movement of A. japonicum balloti. The von Bertalanffy growth model was found to be suitable for describing growth in the latter half of the size range for A. japonicum balloti, and estimated S∞ of scallops varied with year and area. A. japonicum balloti grows rapidly, being recruited to the commercial fishery at about 6 months of age in some cases. Recapture data indicated that A. japonicum balloti does not undergo long-distance displacements in its post-larval stage.

Obsidian and volcanic glass artifact evidence for long-distance voyaging to the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Mark D. McCoy ◽  
Caroline Cervera ◽  
Mara A. Mulrooney ◽  
Andrew McAlister ◽  
Patrick V. Kirch
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Settlement ◽  
Archaeological Artifacts ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Linguistic Influences ◽  
Polynesian Languages ◽  
Material Evidence

AbstractReconstructing routes of ancient long-distance voyaging, long a topic of speculation, has become possible thanks to advances in the geochemical sourcing of archaeological artifacts. Of particular interest are islands classified as Polynesian Outliers, where people speak Polynesian languages and have distinctly Polynesian cultural traits, but are located within the Melanesian or Micronesian cultural areas. While the classification of these groups as Polynesian is not in dispute, the material evidence for the movement between Polynesia and the Polynesian Outliers is exceedingly rare, unconfirmed, and in most cases, nonexistent. We report on the first comprehensive sourcing (using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) of obsidian and volcanic glass artifacts recovered from excavations on the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia. We find evidence for: (1) initial settlement followed by continued voyages between Tikopia and an island Melanesian homeland; (2) long-distance voyaging becoming much less frequent and continuing to decline; and (3) later voyaging from Polynesia marked by imports of volcanic glass from Tonga beginning at 765 cal yr BP (±54 yr). Later long-distance voyages from Polynesia were surprisingly rare, given the strong cultural and linguistic influences of Polynesia, and we suggest, may indicate that Tikopia was targeted by Tongans for political expansion.

SOME PROPERTIES OF BINARY SERIES-PARALLEL GRAPHS

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam M. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Coding Method ◽  
Incremental Growth

We introduce an incremental growth model for directed binary series-parallel (SP) graphs. The vertices of a directed binary SP graphs can only have outdgrees 1 or 2. We show that the number of vertices of outdegree 1 have a normal distribution (so, necessarily, the vertices of outdegree 2 have a normal distribution, too). Furthermore, we study the average length of a random walk between the poles of the graph. The asymptotic equivalent of the latter property includes the golden ratio. Pólya urns will systematically provide a coding method to initiate the studies.

scholarly journals Institutional Change in ASEAN: A Conceptual Analysis of the ASEAN Political-Security Community

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-77
Author(s):  
Kwei-Bo Huang
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
Security Community ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Incremental Growth ◽  
Political Security ◽  
Internal And External Factors

ObjectivesTo figure out whether adaptation – specifically, Ernst B. Hass’ incremental growth model – is able to account for institutional changes of ASEAN in the shape of the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC).MethodsUse Ernst Hass' theoretical arguments and propositions to examine some of ASEAN's internal and external factors that have an impact on the discussion, planning, and implementation of the APSC. Three variables -- the types of knowledge used by ASEAN leaders in making choices, their political objectives, as well as the manner in which issues being negotiated -- are found in historical documents and academic analyses and then operationalized in a simpler way.ResultsThe selection of the incremental growth model is justified and the incremental growth model can serve as an innovative analytical framework for the institutional change in ASEAN.ConclusionsASEAN is in a dynamic context where increased expectations and pressure from within and outside are taking place all at once. The institutionalization of ASEAN security arrangements, originally led by the initiation of the ASC/APSC, means that ASEAN has started facing these expectations and pressure and moved on to enhance security cooperation to a certain degree. It is time for students of international relations to apply again the previous finding of adaptation through incremental growth and conduct further field investigations into the current evolution of the APSC.

scholarly journals Examination of Stability of the Mathematical Predator-Prey Model by Observing the Distance between Predator and Prey

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Predator Prey Model ◽  
Prey Model

Maintaining distance is one of the strategies that can be applied by prey to defend themselves or to avoid predatory attacks. This defense behavior can affect predation rates. The distance or difference in the number of prey and predator populations will affect the level of balanced ecosystem. The distance is also affecting predation rate, when there’s a long distance between prey and predator thus the predation rate decreases and vice versa. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the stability of the mathematical equilibrium on predator-prey model by observing the distance. There are two types of model being observed, type one uses exponential growth model and type two is using a logistic growth model. The analytics results obtain three equilibrium points, namely the unstable extinction equilibrium point, and the asymptotically stable predator extinction with certain conditions and asymptotically stable coexistence with certain conditions. Then numerical simulation is conducted to support the analytical results.

Re-envisioning long-distance Oceanic migration: early dates in the Mariana Islands

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike T. Carson ◽  
Hiro Kurashina
Keyword(s):  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Long Distance

Migration, speciation, and the evolution of diadromy in anguillid eels

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1989-1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Tsukamoto ◽  
J Aoyama ◽  
M J Miller
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Loop Migration ◽  
Spawning Sites ◽  
Tropical Eel

Recent findings and hypotheses about the migration, spawning ecology, phylogenetic relationships, and possible mechanisms of speciation of anguillid eels are overviewed. The offshore distribution and otolith microstructure of small leptocephali suggest that the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica may spawn at seamounts west of the Mariana Islands in the western North Pacific during the new moon of each month from April to November. Some temperate eels have been found to remain in coastal areas after recruitment without a freshwater growth phase (ocean residents or "sea eels"), showing flexible patterns of migratory histories. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the tropical eel Anguilla borneensis from the Borneo Island region is the most ancestral species. Every eel species or population has its own migration loop (migration route or life cycle) that connects their spawning area and growth habitats. Spatial and temporal shifts in these migration loops could cause separation into subpopulations, or speciation. Therefore, the large-scale migration of temperate eels probably evolved from local migrations of tropical eels as a result of long-distance dispersal of leptocephali from spawning sites in tropical waters of low latitude to temperate growth habitats at higher latitudes.

CLARIFYING THE AGE OF INITIAL SETTLEMENT HORIZON IN THE MARIANA ISLANDS AND THE IMPACT OF HARD WATER: A RESPONSE TO CARSON (2020)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fiona Petchey ◽  
Geoffrey Clark
Keyword(s):  
Hard Water ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
Cautionary Tale ◽  
Initial Settlement ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Terrestrial Input ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Archaeological Chronologies

ABSTRACT This paper is a response to criticism by Carson (2020) concerning the age of the Unai Bapot archaeological site in the Mariana Islands. Of specific contention are supposed errors in the marine radiocarbon (14C) research reported by Petchey et al. (2017). According to Carson, this work produced marine reservoir offsets (ΔR) of “suspiciously wide variance from each other … and those results were incompatible with the site’s reported stratigraphy and dating (Carson 2008) as well as with other previously calculated marine reservoir corrections in the Mariana Islands (Carson 2010: 3).” This statement is misleading on all three points. Our reply discusses the problems encountered when dating shells from near-shore “marine” environments where terrestrial input, in particular hard water, may complicate date interpretation. We outline a cautionary tale relevant to any researcher using “marine” shell dates to develop regional archaeological chronologies in regions dominated by limestone.

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