The era of the unmanned vevicles is coming

ObjectivesThe use of Unmanned Vehicles in air, land and water transport is constantly increasing due to their technical and operational capabilities, along with economic advantages. They are used for recreational and commercial purposes by individuals, companies, organisations and state institutions. Particular types of vehicles are at different stages of technical, legislative and implementation advancement. Unmanned vehicles are at different phases of the process of the launch on the market for common use by the public. Railway transport will be the first to undergo widespread and, consequently, full automation, due to the fact that it is already in use and there is a possibility of its safe implementation, which must progress along with the development of technology, science and experience of producers and users.MethodsScientific methods used in the paper are: analysis and criticism of written sources, analysis and logical construction.ResultsThe article presents issues concerning the possibility of implementing the use of unmanned vehicles in the air, land and water transport system. The state of advancement of the legislative and technical work has been described, along with the difficulties that can be encountered before the complete implementation of unmanned vehicles into operationConclusionsThe process of implementing unmanned vehicles into the transport system has begun and it is irreversible. It is a matter of time before unmanned systems are used to transport people and goods. Their use is safer, more economically beneficial and brings benefits to society.

Mathematical Model of the Movement of a Fighting Tracked Vehicle

ObjectivesDevelopment of movement model of fighting tracked vehicle to study oscillatory processes that cause a dynamic load on the driver’s workplace and imitate real conditions of fighting tracked vehicle’s movement to develop technical requirements for dynamic simulators with the achievement of high degree of their compliance with the real vehicle. Research hypothesis. Use of the improved mobility platform of dynamic simulators, realizing the conditions as close as possible to conditions of driving a real fighting tracked vehicle.MethodsThe presented views are the result of empirical research based on the general scheme of forces acting on a fighting tracked vehicle and allow to theoretically estimate the dynamic load of mechanic-driver's workplace.ResultsIn the study, the author developed an improved model of the movement of a fighting tracked vehicle, which describes the spatial movement of its body in motion on the support surface of a complex profile and allows to estimate theoretically the dynamic workload of the driver’s workplace, which provides a basic design of a dynamic platform in six degrees of freedom and will provide to develop the requirements for the modernization of dynamic simulators.ConclusionsWhen performing combat tasks mechanic-driver of FTV is exposed to the effects of spatial movements of different nature. The mechanic-driver during the movement of FTV feels a wide range of influences that are caused by the interaction of the tracked running gear (TRG) with the bearing surface and change the direction of movement of FTV.

Strategic framework of professional preparation of trainees in the field of security and defense, professional field of Administration and Management - Socio-demographic and educational aspects

ObjectivesTo clarify the factors that influence the individual’s career orientation and professional fulfillment of cadets, which can be deeply personal as well as dictated and conditioned by the external environment.MethodsA Survey of trainee opinion in the professional field of Administration and Management at the National Military University.ResultsThe study focuses on the socio-demographic and educational aspects of the need for training in the professional field of Administration and Management, following the example of the Department of Security Logistics, National Military University, Bulgaria. Respondents in the survey were 164 trainees from 5 consecutive years of study in the Bachelor's degree program in the professional field of “Military Affairs”.ConclusionsIt is necessary to direct its efforts to recruit future trainees mainly from secondary schools, vocational high schools of economics and vocational high schools of mechanical and electrical engineering, trainees from families with low- and middle-income, trainees with strong personal motivation to practice the military profession, trainees who achieve high results in their education. The information channels for accessing better, timely and reliable information about the applying process and training at the Vasil Levski National Military University should be expanded using social networks, media and more information campaigns in schools. To a large extent, parental opinion about trainees’ choice of the military profession, also has an influence which was found to be very positive.

Contemporary indicators of security. An attempt to measure the level of security.

ObjectivesThe subject of consideration in this article are contemporary indicators of security, which allow to determine its level in quantifiable values.MethodsFor the purposes of this research, the following research methods were applied: analysis, synthesis, generalisation and inference.ResultsThis paper is a review of selected powermetric studies on security, which were divided into global studies estimating state power such as: Global Firepower Report, 2021 Measuring National and Power Index of the power of states and their indicators - area-specific studies, which prove to be increasingly useful due to growing cyber threats or threats related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. The so-called doomsday clock was selected as an indicator of international security, in which individual hours define the level of security, with midnight indicating the annihilation of humanity. In addition to models for estimating security and state power, on the basis of the results of the studies cited, the paper also mentions possible directions for further development of threats and recommendations in this regard.ConclusionsThe research results presented in the analysed studies are useful for estimating various types of security indicators, both in terms of state security, as well as various other aspects of security, including health, soft power or cyber security. Security indicators can be used by analysts, politicians, decision-makers, and other entities involved in security management as a source of knowledge and measurable values determining the level of security and threats. They also help to indicate weaknesses in security systems in order to quickly diagnose and eliminate them.

Institutional Change in ASEAN: A Conceptual Analysis of the ASEAN Political-Security Community

ObjectivesTo figure out whether adaptation – specifically, Ernst B. Hass’ incremental growth model – is able to account for institutional changes of ASEAN in the shape of the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC).MethodsUse Ernst Hass' theoretical arguments and propositions to examine some of ASEAN's internal and external factors that have an impact on the discussion, planning, and implementation of the APSC. Three variables -- the types of knowledge used by ASEAN leaders in making choices, their political objectives, as well as the manner in which issues being negotiated -- are found in historical documents and academic analyses and then operationalized in a simpler way.ResultsThe selection of the incremental growth model is justified and the incremental growth model can serve as an innovative analytical framework for the institutional change in ASEAN.ConclusionsASEAN is in a dynamic context where increased expectations and pressure from within and outside are taking place all at once. The institutionalization of ASEAN security arrangements, originally led by the initiation of the ASC/APSC, means that ASEAN has started facing these expectations and pressure and moved on to enhance security cooperation to a certain degree. It is time for students of international relations to apply again the previous finding of adaptation through incremental growth and conduct further field investigations into the current evolution of the APSC.

Current Problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces

ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to attempt to identify the main challenges faced by the Polish Armed Forces in the area of Joint Fire Support. The publication will present Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s point of view on the problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces. Due to the complexity of the problem, the authors decided to limit the scope of presentation to the most visible difficulties in specific services.MethodsThe views presented here result from empirical research based on participatory observations that were conducted during numerous national and international training operations organised in Poland and abroad and non-categorised interviews with the JTACs from the Tactical Air Control Party Central Group and the Tactical Air Control Party Training Center in Military University of Aviation in Dęblin.ResultsThe publication will present Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s point of view on the problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces. For linguistic purposes, the terms controller and navigator were used in this text as synonyms of the JTAC acronym.ConclusionsDue to the complexity of the problem, the authors decided to limit the scope of presentation to the most visible difficulties in specific services. For linguistic purposes, the terms controller and navigator were used in this text as synonyms of the JTAC acronym.

Analysis and Short Presentation of Study on Motivational Salience and Satisfaction with Training in the Field of Security and Defence

<b>Purpose:</b> The purpose of the article is a presentation and an analysis of research on motivational salience and satisfaction with training in the field of security and defense that was carried out with the assistance of a number of universities and academies in Europe. <b>Method</b>: Survey research and statistical analysis including, and certain statistical methods were applied for processing of the grouped statistical data, their interpretation and offering of the relevant decisions. <b>Results:</b> The study attempts to outline the foundation of the methodology for conducting research on motivational salience and its relation with satisfaction in security and defense training, following the example of higher education institutions in Europe. The research findings are characterized by the scale of scientific and practical research and covering 19 educational institutions in the field of security and defense in Europe. The research is distinguished by the presence of a scientific subject not only at the national level but also at the international level. The results are in the area of interest to the academic staff of the military universities and academies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Spain, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, and others. <b>Conlusion/findings:</b> The study was discussed at the extended scientific board of the Logistics of the Security Department at the Vasil Levski National Military University in Bulgaria. The thesis that has been elaborated as a result of carried out works was the subject of the defense in the Security and Defence area of higher education in Bulgaria.

Genesis and Development of Research on Motivational Sailence at the Vasil Levski National Military University of Bulgaria

<b>Purpose:</b> The purpose of the article is to search and presenting methods of supporting education in the field of security and defense using the opportunities for implementing integrated educational and scientific fields, where one of these is the motivation salience area. <b>Method:</b> Survey-based on the questionnaire that included 24 points, helping achieve the scientific goals and allow testing the validity of the research hypothesis formulated and made scientific assumptions. The representative sample has been made up of 156 people.<b> Results:</b> The main part of the study was conducted in the period 2013-2017 and aims to analyze the motivational performance in the training process of four consecutive classes of learners in order to develop models for linear prognosis of trends on certain dimensions: 1) Personal effort, 2) Perceptions and attitudes towards equity 3) Achieved results and performance, 4) Positive and negative reinforcements, awards and sanctions, 5) Relation expected effort – prize probability – degree of satisfaction. <b>Conlusion/findings:</b> Protecting and promoting the development of Bulgarian education in the field of security and defense could not be achieved without stepping up cooperation in a bilateral format and without using the opportunities for implementing integrated educational and scientific projects in the EU Encouraging and motivating young people to continue their education in these areas is an important milestone in overcoming social and demographic problems through the production of security and defense specialists without neglecting the need to develop and strengthen the scientific and research activities for their training needs and the process of acquiring appropriate education.

Polish national character in the context of state defence

Objective: Demonstration and analysis of the impact of the human factor on the effectiveness of the state defence system. <b>Material and Methods</b> Literature research and critical analysis <b>Results</b> The research demonstrates that the human factor is the most important component of the state defence potential. This thesis is corroborated by examples from the history of Poland, and supported with philosophical, ethical and ethnographic considerations. Based on the examination of the selected research group consisting of Polish soldiers, qualities important for Poles, such as honour, righteousness and patriotism, which are at the foundation of the national character of a soldier, have been identified. On the other hand, the article also takes into account negative stereotypes and opinions presented in the literature regarding the national character of the Polish soldier. <b>Conclusions</b> The conducted research and analysis prove the unquestionable domination of the human factor in state defence and military systems. It has been shown that, apart from the demographic potential and mobilisation capabilities, an important aspect of the human factor for defence is the national character and the morale of the army, which should be prioritised over material aspects. Honour, both in the axiological dimension of the sense of pride, dignity, nobility, and diligence, as well as in the sense of an ethical virtue in people's mentality and the morale of soldiers, shapes consciously determined attitudes and behaviours. <b></b> <b></b>

Declared security versus security reality

The article highlights the main factors that determine the risk to security, as well as the adequacy of its assessment among the respondents, including the identification of situations when external or internal threat is serious while its perception is at the minimum level.