Eight-Year Follow-up of Cognitive Development in 33 Twin Pairs

1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Alin Åkerman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Twin Pregnancy ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Performance Scale ◽  
Negative Expectations ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThis is a follow-up study of twins, including 33 twinpairs from the Stockholm area, aiming to study the cognitive development of twins at eight years of age. The twins have been followed at different ages from birth onwards. All children were tested with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in a Swedish translation (WISC). The WISC test consists of a Verbal and a Performance Scale. There were no significant differences between twin girls and twin boys on these Scales. On the Performance subtests Block Design, Object Assembly, and Coding, however, the twin girls performed significantly better than the twin boys. In comparing cognitive development for twins and singletons, the twin group had somewhat lower average scores than the singletons. Prematurity and low birth weight continued to be related to cognitive development at eight years of age. Also at this age the school teacher completed a questionnaire about the twins social behaviour and some personality traits. There was a relation between one questionnaire factor, a low score of assertiveness, and the mother's negative or ambivalent expectations concerning the twin pregnancy. The twin group with the mother's negative expectations also had significantly lower results on the subtests Comprehension and Coding. Negative mothers had more premature twins than mothers who were positive toward the twin pregnancy.

Surgical treatment of laterally ruptured cervical disc

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Murphey ◽  
James C. H. Simmons ◽  
Bruce Brunson
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Root ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Root Pressure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neurosurgical Operation ◽  
Better Than

✓ From the analysis of 648 patients operated on for ruptured cervical discs between 1939 and March of 1972 and a follow-up study of 380 of these patients, the following conclusions seem justified. Osteophytes or hypertrophic spurs rarely produced the classical clinical picture or deficits. Ninety per cent of the patients awakened in the morning with pain in the neck and rhomboid region. Ten per cent had a history of injury, but there was no characteristic pattern as in lumbar discs. Only one patient had a typical hyperextension injury. Anterior chest pain occurred in one-fifth of the cases. Pain in the neck, rhomboid region, and anterior chest was referred from the discs, while the arm pain was usually the result of nerve root compression; however, in a few cases the degenerating disc caused referred pain to the arm without any nerve root pressure. Since accurate diagnosis can be made on clinical grounds, myelography is not necessary in most cases. In our experience conservative treatment was usually unsuccessful while the surgical results were better than in almost any other neurosurgical operation. The nerve root syndromes associated with extruded lateral cervical discs are outlined and the indications and contraindications for myelography discussed.

scholarly journals Modified permeable cryoprotectant-free vitrification method for three or fewer ejaculated spermatozoa from cryptozoospermic men and 7-year follow-up study of 14 children born from this method

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1019-1028
Author(s):  
Motoharu Ohno ◽  
Atsushi Tanaka ◽  
Motoi Nagayoshi ◽  
Takashi Yamaguchi ◽  
Youichi Takemoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Testicular Sperm Extraction ◽  
Testicular Spermatozoa ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Fertilisation Rate

Abstract STUDY QUESTION What technique can be used to successfully cryopreserve three or fewer ejaculated spermatozoa from cryptozoospermic men and is the physical and cognitive development of children born after this technique normal? SUMMARY ANSWER The modified cryopreservation method for three or fewer human spermatozoa from cryptozoospermic men showed a recovery rate above 95% and a survival rate just under 90%, and the physical and cognitive abilities of the children born after ICSI were comparable to those born after natural conception. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Clinical outcomes of ICSI using cryptozoospermic men’s ejaculated spermatozoa are considered to be inferior to that using testicular spermatozoa from microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (Micro-TESE), possibly because the DNA fragmentation rate is higher in ejaculated spermatozoa than in testicular spermatozoa from Micro-TESE. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Evaluation of the efficiency of cryopreservation of three or fewer spermatozoa was conducted retrospectively at St. Mother Clinic. The physical and cognitive development of children born after this method was studied between 2011 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS This study included 28 cryptozoospermic men who had three or fewer morphologically normal and motile spermatozoa in their ejaculate after centrifugation and who preferred using cryopreserved spermatozoa to Micro-TESE. Control subjects were 31 cryptozoospermic patients using fresh spermatozoa from their ejaculates and 20 non-obstructive azoospermic patients with fewer than 10 spermatozoa obtained by TESE and vitrified. Clinical outcomes among three groups, vitrified spermatozoa from the ejaculate, fresh spermatozoa from the ejaculate and vitrified spermatozoa from the testis, were statistically analysed. For the 7-year follow up study of the 14 children born after ICSI using the ejaculated vitrified spermatozoa, the Japanese government-issued Boshi Kenko Techo (Mother-Child Handbook) and Kinder Infant Development Scale (KIDS scale) were used to determine whether their physical and cognitive development was comparable to that of naturally conceived children. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Recovery and survival rates were 97.8% (510/521) and 87.1% (444/510) for vitrified spermatozoa from the ejaculate and 92.7% (152/164) and 60.5% (92/152) for vitrified spermatozoa from the testis. Clinical pregnancies (%), miscarriages (%) and live birth rates (%), respectively, among the three groups were as follows: vitrified spermatozoa from the ejaculate: 15(25.0), 2(13.3), 13(21.7); fresh spermatozoa from the ejaculate: 26(24.3), 5(19.2), 20(18.7); and vitrified spermatozoa from the testis: 3(16.7), 0(0.0), 3(16.7). Among the groups, there were no statistically significant differences except for the sperm survival rate and the oocyte fertilisation rate, which were lower for vitrified spermatozoa from the testis compared with vitrified spermatozoa from the ejaculate. The 7-year follow-up study showed that the physical and cognitive development of 14 children born after ICSI using vitrified ejaculated spermatozoa from the ejaculate was comparable to that of naturally conceived children. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTIONS The maximum number of spermatozoa to which this method can be applied successfully is about 10. When the number of aspirated spermatozoa is over 10, some of them change direction after colliding with each other inside the aspiration pipette and reach the mineral oil, and once this happens, they cannot be expelled out of the pipette. Even though we did not find evidence of DNA fragmentation, further studies with larger participant numbers and longer time periods are necessary. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This technique is very useful for the cryopreservation of very small numbers of testicular spermatozoa (fewer than 10) in order to avoid or reduce Micro-TESE interventions. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No external funding was received to undertake this study. There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A

scholarly journals Cognitive functioning in children with Prader–Willi syndrome during 8 years of growth hormone treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 182 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
S H Donze ◽  
L Damen ◽  
E F Mahabier ◽  
A C S Hokken-Koelega
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Positive Effects

Objective Children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) have mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Short-term studies showed positive effects of growth hormone (GH) on cognitive development. This study investigated the effects of 8 years of GH on cognitive development in children with PWS. We also investigated whether starting GH during infancy results in higher cognitive functioning after 8 years of GH. Design Longitudinal study in 43 children with PWS during 8 years of GH (median age at GH start 8.1 years). Cognitive functioning after 8 years was compared to another group of 22 children with PWS (median age at GH start 1.4 years). Methods Cognitive functioning was measured by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Vocabulary, Similarities and Block Design subtests were expressed as standard deviation scores (SDS) and total IQ (TIQ) calculated. Results Estimated mean (95%CI) Block Design SDS changed from −2.2 (−2.6; −1.8) at GH start to −1.8 (−2.2; −1.4) after 8 years of GH (P = 0.18), similarly SDS from −1.5 (−2.1; −0.9) to −1.3 (−1.9; −0.7, P = 0.66) and TIQ from 66 (60; 72) to 69 (63; 75, P = 0.57). Vocabulary SDS remained similar, being −1.9 (−2.3; −1.4) at GH start and −1.9 (−2.4; −1.5) after 8 years (P = 0.85). After 8 years of GH Vocabulary, SDS and TIQ were higher in the children who started GH during infancy, compared to those who started GH later in childhood (P < 0.01, P = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions Cognitive functioning in children with PWS remains similar during long-term GH and develops at the same pace as healthy peers.

PROGNOSIS IN INFANTILE SPASMS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-721
Author(s):  
L. L. Burnett ◽  
E. L. Gibbs ◽  
F. A. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Infantile Spasms ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

A follow-up study has been conducted on 27 patients who had infantile spasms and normal electroencephalograms before the age of 1 year, and who did not have hypsarhythmia, the electroencephalographic abnormality which is usual in this condition. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the absence of electroencephalographic abnormality alters the prognosis. Less than half of the patients were found to be physically or mentally retarded and only one quarter still had seizures, which is somewhat better than was previously reported for cases with hypsarhythmia. However, the difference in prognosis is most evident as regards mental development: The present data indicate that there is a 55% chance that a child with infantile spasms and a normal electroencephalogram will develop normal mentality; the chance is only 15% with hypsarhythmia.

Is Routine Hospitalization in Twin Pregnancy Necessary? A Follow-up Study

1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Liisa Hartikainen-Sorri
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Twin Pregnancy ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
Gestational Week ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

AbstractDuring the years 1979-1980, a prospective study was carried out to evaluate the value and efficacy of routine hospital bed rest in the prevention of premature birth and pregnancy complications in twin gestation. This was done by comparing hospital bed rest to special antenatal care at outpatient clinic. Since the results did not support the idea of using routine hospital bed rest, this was abandoned. Because the material was rather small, the results of the changed policy of management were controlled in the present follow-up study. The material consists of 102 twin pregnancies diagnosed during the years 1982-1983. The number of deliveries before the 34th gestational week and of < 1500 g weighing infants were still decreasing (9.0% and 3.0%). Perinatal mortality after the 24th gestational week was 2.0%. The follow-up study confirmed the unefficacy of routine hospital bed rest. Early diagnosis is the basis of the management of twin pregnancy. This allows counselling of the pregnant women, regular examinations to detect pregnancy complications, and also planning of the delivery.

Validity of the 16PF Reasoning Ability Scale

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 904-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent H. Abel ◽  
L. Katherine Brown
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Verbal Scale ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Performance Scale

The construct validity of the 16PF Reasoning Ability Scale was tested against the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS–R) with 60 undergraduate students. Moderate correlations were obtained between scores on the reasoning scale and the WAIS–R Full Scale, Verbal Scale, and Performance Scale (.57, .44, .51, respectively). The strongest correlations between scores on the reasoning scale and WAIS–R subtests were obtained for Information and Block Design. These data indicate modest support for the validity of the 16PF Reasoning Ability Scale as a measure of intelligence.

The Fate of “Small Twins”: A Four-year Follow-up Study of Low Birthweight and Prematurely Born Twins

1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Alin Åkerman ◽  
P.A. Thomassen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
Twin Pregnancy ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Group ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
Follow Up Study

AbstractThis follow-up study of twins includes 35 families from the Stockholm area. One section concerns the physical and mental development of the twins. The other sections compare the development of the children with their parents' expectations of them and the parents' feelings about the delivery. Seven twin pairs (20%) in the total group were born before 37 complete gestational weeks. Thirty-seven of the twins weighed less than 2,500g at birth; of these, 23 (9 boys and 14 girls) weighed less than 2,500g, although they were born after 37 gestational weeks. At four years of age, 22 of the 68 twins still showed some impairment of locomotor, language/speech and emotional development, as assessed by the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. All the prematurely born and small-for-date infants were in this group. There also seems to be a relationship between developmental problems and the mother's negative or ambivalent expectations concerning the twin pregnancy.

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