Twin Resemblances in Creativity and in Esthetic and Emotional Expression

1976 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Barron ◽  
Paolo Parisi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Halo Effect ◽  
Objective Test ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Trait Rating ◽  
Standard List

Three sources of observation relevant to the measurement of individual differences in emotional and esthetic expressiveness were employed to study their heritability by application to a sample of some 60 pairs of young adult like-sexed twins, approximately evenly divided between male and female and MZ and DZ pairs. The sources of observation were objective test performances, trait ascription using a standard list of adjectives, and videotaped enactments of mood and esthetic performances. Perceptual and esthetic abilities do appear to have substantial heritability, although esthetic preferences do not. Heritability is also indicated for such adjectives as artistic, inventive, original, and independent. Ratings of the videotape performances yielded somewhat ambiguous results, due to the presence of a marked halo effect; the most likely interpretation congruent with earlier results is that greater MZ twin resemblances in social extroversion generated greater resemblances in the videotape situation on such other trait-rating variables as creativity, naturalness, and dominance.

scholarly journals The Experience of Victimisation among Muslim Adolescents in the UK: The Effect of Psychological and Religious Factors

Religions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Francis ◽  
Ursula McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Muslim Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Being Bullied ◽  
Religious Factors ◽  
The Uk

This study set out to explore the levels of victimisation experienced by Muslim adolescents in the UK, the extent to which victimisation is conceptualised in religious terms, and the extent to which individual differences in the experience of victimisation is related to personal factors, psychological factors and religious factors. Data provided by 335 13- to 15-year-old Muslim students from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales demonstrated that one in four Muslim students (25%) reported being bullied because of their religion. These students saw their religious identity as being a more important cause of their victimisation than their ethnicity, their colour, or their name. Male and female Muslim students were equally vulnerable to victimisation. Psychological and religious variables predicted individual differences in vulnerability to victimisation among Muslim students.

scholarly journals 0216 Is There a Daily Rhythm in Alcohol Craving and Does It Vary by Circadian Timing?

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A84-A84
Author(s):  
G Hisler ◽  
S Pedersen ◽  
D Clark ◽  
S Rothenberger ◽  
B Hasler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Daily Rhythm ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Late Adolescent ◽  
Circadian Timing ◽  
Alcohol Craving ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Dim Light

Abstract Introduction People with later circadian timing tend to consume more alcohol, potentially due to altered rhythms in when and how much they crave alcohol throughout the day. However, whether circadian factors play a role in alcohol craving has received scant attention. Here, we investigated if the daily rhythm of alcohol craving varied by circadian timing in two independent studies of late adolescent and young adult drinkers. Methods In Study 1, 32 participants (18–22 years of age; 61% female; 69% White) completed momentary reports of alcohol craving five times a day for 14 days. Participants wore wrist actigraphs and completed two in-lab assessments of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Average actigraphically-assessed midpoint of sleep on weekends and average DLMO were used as indicators of circadian timing. In Study 2, 231 participants (21–35 years of age; 28% female; 71% White) completed momentary reports of alcohol craving six times a day for 10 days. Average midpoint of self-reported time-in-bed on weekends was used to estimate circadian timing. Results Multilevel cosinor analysis revealed a 24-hour daily rhythm in alcohol craving which was moderated by circadian timing in both studies (p’s<0.05). In both Study 1 and 2, people with later circadian timing had a later timed peak of craving. In Study 1, but not Study 2, later circadian timing predicted a blunted amplitude in craving. Conclusion Findings support a daily rhythm in craving that varies by individual differences in circadian timing. Because craving is an important predictor of future alcohol use, the findings implicate circadian factors as a useful area to advance alcohol research and potentially improve interventions. Support R21AA023209; R01DA044143; K01AA021135; ABMRF/The Foundation for Alcohol Research.

Belief in Supernatural Phenomena and Locus of Control

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick J. Scheidt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Attitude Questionnaire ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Superstitious Beliefs

It is hypothesized that Rotter's I-E variable mediates individual differences in supernatural and superstitious beliefs, with externals exhibiting more positive attitudes toward such phenomena. An approximately equal number of male and female introductory psychology students were selected as externals ( N = 20) and internals ( N = 23) from upper and lower quartiles of the Rotter I-E scale. All Ss were administered an attitude questionnaire assessing beliefs toward several paranormal, occult, and pseudoscientific phenomena. Analysis via a 2 × 2 (I-E Control × Sex) analysis of variance strongly confirmed the hypothesis ( p < .01). Although not predicted, females, regardless of I-E status, were much more favorably disposed toward such phenomena than males ( p < .01). Differences in more general attitudes toward both religion and science are suggested as mediating the over-all I-E and sex differences.

scholarly journals A gendered study of young adult contraceptive use at one university in KwaZulu-N atal

Curationis ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
OA Oyedeji ◽  
R Cassimjee
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Gender Stratification ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Descriptive Survey

This study explores contraceptive use among young adult male and female students (aged 18-25) who visit the campus clinic at a university in KwaZulu-Natal. Both a descriptive survey and face to face interviews were used for data collection. In this study, it is affirmed that gender stratification, societal attitudes, and misconceptions about contraceptive use play an important role in the attitudes of young adults, male and female towards contraception and its use. Evidence of this is the high use of condoms amongst both male and female students’ compared with other available methods. Among female students this was highly attributed to personal convenience and comfort with condom use as an unmarried young woman. It was clear from the data collected that respondents themselves attached some stigma to being associated with the use of contraceptive pills or having to visit the clinic regularly for injections as young unmarried women. Male respondents affirmed the use of the condom, although this was hardly with the view of taking reproductive/contraceptive responsibility, but rather, it was attributed to the function of the condom as a safe sex method that offered protection against sexually transmitted diseases and infections. Also evident from the study was the fact that male respondents felt more comfortable with their sexual functioning than the female respondents. This was easily attributed to the role of societal gender stratification in an individual’s life.

Incidental Learning and Deployment of Attention

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 529-530
Author(s):  
Jacob Beiser
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lower Division

Correlations between individual differences in incidental learning and in deployment of attention were examined for 26 male and female lower division college students (–.329) and for a second sample of 46 Ss (.260). Results suggest that superiority in both deployment of attention (striking out symbols) and incidental learning (recall of words and Remote Associates Task) are linked.

Motivated Behavioral Outcomes Affect Ratings of Attractiveness

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 849-871
Author(s):  
Larry C. Bernard ◽  
David J. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Competitive Behavior ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Theory Of Motivation

A relatively new theory of motivation posits that purposeful human behavior may be partly explained by multidimensional individual differences “traits of action” (motives). Its 15 motives can be characterized according to their purpose: individual integrity, competitiveness, and cooperativeness. Existing evidence supports the model on which the motives are based and the reliability and validity of strategies to assess them. This experiment tested whether the hypothetical results of consistent, motivated cooperative and competitive behavior could affect ratings of attractiveness. Male and female participants ( N = 98; M age = 18.8, SD = 1.4) were shown 24 opposite-sex facial photos ranging in attractiveness. The photos were paired with one of three conditions representing theoretical outcomes that would result from low, control, and high levels of cooperative and competitive motives. As predicted, outcome descriptions representing high motive strength of six motives statistically significantly affected ratings of attractiveness. This result was independent of sex of participant and consistent with the theory.

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