Some problematic aspects of questions put to the forensic experts concerning overdraft for legal entities

Considering the fact, that within the bounds of current market relations the sufficient sum of the working capital is predominant for a high competitiveness of a legal entity, the purpose of the article is to cover some problematic issues in drawing up an expert report on cases, regarding overdraft for legal entities. Methodology. The methodology of this article includes an effective comprehensive analysis, generalization of available scientific and theoretical material and forming relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific research have been used during the study: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, systemic-structural, logical-normative. Results. In the course of the research some main problematic aspects of questions put to the forensic experts concerning overdraft for legal entities were identified. A standard list of documents required to obtain an overdraft has been compiled, as well as the list of basic principles, on which the requirements to the borrower are based. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the research is demonstrated through the thoughtful clarification and complementation and determining of the overdraft classification criteria, compilement of the list of documents required to obtain it, as well as the list of basic, fundamental principles, on which the primary requirements to the borrower are based. Practical significance. The significant results of the study can be used by forensic experts in economic forensic investigations in drawing up expert reports on cases, regarding overdraft for legal entities.

An updated SYSCILIA gold standard (SCGSv2) of known ciliary genes, revealing the vast progress that has been made in the cilia research field

Cilia are microtubule-based organelles with important functions in motility and sensation. They contribute to a broad spectrum of developmental disorders called ciliopathies, and have recently been linked to common conditions such as cancers and congenital heart disease. There has been increasing interest in the biology of cilia and their contribution to disease over the past two decades. As a result, in 2013 we published a ‘Gold Standard’ list of genes confirmed to be associated with cilia. This was published as part of the SYSCILIA consortium systems biology study dissecting the contribution of cilia to human health and disease, and was named the Syscilia Gold Standard (SCGS). Since this publication, interest in cilia and understanding of their functions has continued to grow, and we now present an updated SCGS version 2. This includes an additional 383 genes, more than doubling the size of SCGSv1. We use this dataset to conduct a review of advances in understanding of cilia biology 2013-2021, and perspectives on the future of cilia research. We hope that this continues to be a useful resource for the cilia community.

Pick Your President: Why and How Parties Should Seek to Agree on a Presiding Arbitrator

It is common wisdom that selecting a suitable presiding arbitrator is vital to securing efficient proceedings and a high-quality award. As a corollary of party autonomy, the parties’ right to choose their arbitrators is subject only to few limitations, yet relatively little guidance exists for parties attempting to jointly choose the arbitral president in a structured and efficient way. This article seeks to expand on the limited guidance available. It begins by briefly examining the underlying legal framework and setting out various objectives that can serve as a yardstick in fashioning a procedure for selecting presiding arbitrators. This general analysis is followed by a proposal of a concrete, standard ‘list’ procedure which is easily adaptable to different arbitration settings and case configurations.

Dialect and Putonghua in Xi’an city

As one of the industrial centers of Western China, Xi’an is undergoing a process in which surrounding “urban villages” are incorporated into the urban area. This paper reports on the contact situation between the Xi’an dialect of Beishan Menkou “urban village” and Mandarin Chinese. Data collection started with traditional dialect survey methodology which assumes the dialect to be homogeneous and shared across village members. It requires respondents to read a standard list of Chinese characters. The assumption that the dialect is homogeneous is generally agreed upon for older generations but is doubtful for the younger generation who are exposed to modern education and modern life. We therefore stratified the survey across three generations with six informants, a male and female informants for each generation. The results show that the dialect among the two older generations was still homogeneous and shared, whereas the youngest generations showed influence of Putonghua on the dialect. This resulted in a new dialect variant “Dialect with Putonghua features”, which is recognized by urban village members as such. Female respondents generally were conceived of as speaking the New Dialect more clearly than their male counterparts. We also investigated the impact of the dialect on Putonghua and concluded that among the younger generation, a form of “Local Putonghua” developed, whereas the accented forms used by older generations are a variety of intermediate forms of this “Local Putonghua”. The paper further provides details of the changes taking place in the New Dialect in terms of tones, initials and finals, vocabulary and grammar. Words in local Putonghua were also listed.

What I Like Is What I Remember: Memory Modulation and Preferential Choice

Memory is a crucial component of everyday decision making, yet little is known about how memory and choice processes interact, and whether or not established memory regularities persist during memory-based decision making. In this paper, we introduce a novel experimental paradigm to study the differences between memory processes at play in standard list recall versus in preferential choice. Using computational memory models, fit to data from two pre-registered experiments, we find that some established memory regularities (primacy, recency, semantic clustering) emerge in preferential choice, whereas others (temporal clustering) are significantly weakened relative to standard list recall. Notably, decision-relevant features, such as item desirability, play a stronger role in guiding retrieval in choice. Our results suggest memory processes differ across preferential choice and standard memory tasks, and that choice modulates memory by differentially activating decision-relevant features such as what we like.

Constitutional Principles Of Judiciary: Peculiarities Of Formalization In The Cis Countries

The modern principles of judiciary, being an integrative constitutional-theoretical category, are the object of scientific research from the point of view of a meaningful interpretation, as well as the specific nature of formalization, including its the comparative legal aspect. In this regard, the research subject of this article is represented by the norms of the constitutions of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The article presents the analysis results, which allowed us identifying the non-standard approaches to consolidate the constitutional principles of the judiciary in the focus group of acts. We associate these approaches with the compositional specific nature of principle reflection, as well as with the variably-substantive aspect, which quantitatively and qualitatively supplements the standard list of required fundamental ideas.

Blind-eye cannulation as a new method for ERCP training: Can we do more than merely teach?

Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires extensive hands-on training. Currently in ERCP training there are two very important problems that need attention: lack of standardized commands for communication, and misunderstanding between the trainee and the trainer. Methods A method of “blind-eye” cannulation was developed with two paired trainees using the Boškoski-Costamagna ERCP Trainer. The trainee who was holding the duodenoscope was blind-folded and the other trainee gave instructions on what maneuvers were necessary to achieve cannulation, under the supervision of a trainer. Before starting cannulation, a standard list of commands was agreed by the operators. Results The blind-eye method of cannulation teaches the operator trainee to listen and the assistant trainee to teach. Trainees use standardized commands. During the training session the two trainees swapped roles. Conclusions Currently, we do not have proof that this type of training is useful, therefore, scientific studies are needed for confirmation. However, we believe that this ERCP model may provide an entirely safe means of improving communication and technical proficiency.

Implementing a Library for Probabilistic Programming Using Non-strict Non-determinism

This paper presentsPFLP, a library for probabilistic programming in the functional logic programming language Curry. It demonstrates how the concepts of a functional logic programming language support the implementation of a library for probabilistic programming. In fact, the paradigms of functional logic and probabilistic programming are closely connected. That is, language characteristics from one area exist in the other and vice versa. For example, the concepts of non-deterministic choice and call-time choice as known from functional logic programming are related to and coincide with stochastic memoization and probabilistic choice in probabilistic programming, respectively. We will further see that an implementation based on the concepts of functional logic programming can have benefits with respect to performance compared to a standard list-based implementation and can even compete with full-blown probabilistic programming languages, which we illustrate by several benchmarks.

Assessment of the Water Bodies’ Ecological Status: Unificated Approaches to Attaining of the «Ecology» National Project Objectives

The authors have recommended the sequence of actions to realize the Federal project «Preservation of unique water bodies» as a component of the National project «Ecology». We have presented practical recommendations concerning measures aimed at the federal project realization, a standard list of actions and a toolbox for assessment of the water bodies’ ecological safety. We have demonstrated a possibility of the unificated approach to studying the dynamics of the basic indicator of anthropogenic load in order to assess the watercourses quality (dynamics along the river flow) and water bodies (dynamics in time) taking into account local and diffuse negative impacts. The standardization areas that are to compensate deficiencies in nature/protective legislation.

(Mis)Measuring Sensitive Attitudes with the List Experiment

List experiments (LEs) are an increasingly popular survey research tool for measuring sensitive attitudes and behaviors. However, there is evidence that list experiments sometimes produce unreasonable estimates. Why do list experiments “fail,” and how can the performance of the list experiment be improved? Using evidence from Kenya, we hypothesize that the length and complexity of the LE format make them costlier for respondents to complete and thus prone to comprehension and reporting errors. First, we show that list experiments encounter difficulties with simple, nonsensitive lists about food consumption and daily activities: over 40 percent of respondents provide inconsistent responses between list experiment and direct question formats. These errors are concentrated among less numerate and less educated respondents, offering evidence that the errors are driven by the complexity and difficulty of list experiments. Second, we examine list experiments measuring attitudes about political violence. The standard list experiment reveals lower rates of support for political violence compared to simply asking directly about this sensitive attitude, which we interpret as list experiment breakdown. We evaluate two modifications to the list experiment designed to reduce its complexity: private tabulation and cartoon visual aids. Both modifications greatly enhance list experiment performance, especially among respondent subgroups where the standard procedure is most problematic. The paper makes two key contributions: (1) showing that techniques such as the list experiment, which have promise for reducing response bias, can introduce different forms of error associated with question complexity and difficulty; and (2) demonstrating the effectiveness of easy-to-implement solutions to the problem.