scholarly journals Dietary plant proteins and vegetable oil blends increase adiposity and plasma lipids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente E. Torstensen ◽  
Marit Espe ◽  
Ingunn Stubhaug ◽  
Øyvind Lie
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Vldl Assembly

In order to study whether lipid metabolism may be affected by maximum replacement of dietary fish oil and fish meal with vegetable oils (VO) and plant proteins (PP), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) smolts were fed a control diet containing fish oil and fish meal or one of three plant-based diets through the seawater production phase for 12 months. Diets were formulated to meet all known nutrient requirements. The whole-body lipid storage pattern was measured after 12 months, as well as post-absorptive plasma, VLDL and liver TAG. To further understand the effects on lipid metabolism, expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in VLDL assembly (apoB100), fatty acid uptake (FATP1, cd36, LPL and FABP3, FABP10 and FABP11) were measured in liver and visceral adipose tissue. Maximum dietary VO and PP increased visceral lipid stores, liver TAG, and plasma VLDL and TAG concentrations. Increased plasma TAG correlated with an increased expression of apoB100, indicating increased VLDL assembly in the liver of fish fed the high-plant protein- and VO-based diet. Atlantic salmon fed intermediate replacement levels of VO or PP did not have increased body fat or visceral mass. Overall, the present results demonstrate an interaction between dietary lipids and protein on lipid metabolism, increasing overall adiposity and TAG in the body when fish meal and fish oil are replaced concomitantly at maximised levels of VO and PP.

scholarly journals Changes in the liver transcriptome of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed experimental diets based on terrestrial alternatives to fish meal and fish oil

BMC Genomics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Caballero-Solares ◽  
Xi Xue ◽  
Christopher C. Parrish ◽  
Maryam Beheshti Foroutani ◽  
Richard G. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Liver Transcriptome ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon

scholarly journals Antioxidant nutrition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt, fed diets with high inclusion of plant ingredients and graded levels of micronutrients and selected amino acids

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Hamre ◽  
Nini H. Sissener ◽  
Erik-Jan Lock ◽  
Pål A Olsvik ◽  
Marit Espe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Dietary Concentration

The shift from marine to plant based ingredients in fish feeds affects the dietary concentrations and bioavailability of micronutrients, amino acids and lipids and consequently warrants a re-evaluation of dietary nutrient recommendations. In the present study, an Atlantic salmon diet high in plant ingredients was supplemented with graded levels of nutrient premix (NP), containing selected amino acids, taurine, cholesterol, vitamins and minerals. This article presents the results on the antioxidant nutrients vitamin C, E and selenium (Se), and effects on tissue redox status. The feed ingredients appeared to contain sufficient levels of vitamin E and Se to cover the requirements to prevent clinical deficiency symptoms. The body levels of α-tocopherol (TOH) in parr and that of Se in parr and post-smolt showed a linear relationship with dietary concentration, while α-TOH in post-smolt seemed to be saturable with a breakpoint near 140 mg kg-1. Ascorbic acid (Asc) concentration in the basal feed was below the expected minimum requirement, but the experimental period was probably too short for the fish to develop visible deficiency symptoms. Asc was saturable in both parr and post-smolt whole body at dietary concentrations of 190 and 63-89 mg kg-1, respectively. Maximum whole body Asc concentration was approximately 40 mg kg-1 in parr and 14 mg kg-1 in post-smolt. Retention ranged from 41 to 10% in parr and from -206 to 12% in post-smolt with increasing NP supplementation. This indicates that the post-smolts had an extraordinarily high consumption of Asc. Analyses of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulphide (GSSG) concentrations and the calculated GSH based redox potentials in liver and muscle tissue, indicated only minor effects of diets on redox regulation. However, the post-smolt were more oxidized than the parr. This was supported by the high consumption of Asc and high expression of gpx1 and gpx3 in liver. Based on the present trials, the recommendations for supplementation of vitamin C and E in diets for Atlantic salmon are similar to current practices, e.g 150-200 mg kg-1 of α-TOH and 190 mg kg-1 Asc which was the saturating concentration in parr. Higher concentrations than what would prevent clinical deficiency symptoms are necessary to protect fish against incidents of oxidative stress and to improve immune and stress responses. There were no indications that the Se requirement exceeded the current recommendation of 0.3 mg kg-1.

scholarly journals Compromised Intestinal Lipid Absorption in Mice with a Liver-Specific Deficiency of Liver Receptor Homolog 1

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (23) ◽  
pp. 8330-8339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikage Mataki ◽  
Benjamin C. Magnier ◽  
Sander M. Houten ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Annicotte ◽  
Carmen Argmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Amino Acid Conjugate ◽  
Acid Conjugate ◽  
Mouse Hepatocytes ◽  
Somatic Mutagenesis

ABSTRACT Bile acids (BAs) are water-soluble end products from cholesterol metabolism and are essential for efficient absorption of dietary lipids. By using targeted somatic mutagenesis of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) in mouse hepatocytes, we demonstrate here that LRH-1 critically regulates the physicochemical properties of BAs. The absence of LRH-1 and subsequent deficiency of Cyp8b1 eliminate the production of cholic acid and its amino acid conjugate taurocholic acid and increase the relative amounts of less amphipathic BA species. Intriguingly, while the expression of Cyp8b1 is almost extinguished in the livers of mice that lack LRH-1, the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of BA synthesis, i.e., Cyp7a1, remains unchanged. The profound remodeling of the BA composition significantly reduces the efficacy of intestinal absorption of lipids and reuptake of BAs and facilitates the removal of lipids from the body. Our studies unequivocally demonstrate a pivotal role for LRH-1 in determining the composition of BAs, which, in turn has major consequences on whole-body lipid homeostasis.

scholarly journals Collagen Fibrils in Cultured and Wild Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Liver. An Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 917-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Berillis ◽  
Eleni Mente ◽  
Ioannis Nengas
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Collagen Fibril ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soya Meal ◽  
Collagen Peptide

This study aims to measure liver collagen fibril diameter in cultured and wild sea breams (Sparus aurata). Cultured sea breams were fed three isonitrogenous diets. The organically produced feed contained sustainable certified fish meal (45%), fish oil (14%), and organic certified wheat; the laboratory feed contained fish meal (45%), fish oil (14%), wheat meal, and soya meal; and the commercial feed included fish meal (46%), fish oil (17%), soya meal, wheat meal, and corn gluten meal. The organic diet had higher amounts of vitamins A, C, and E; specific amino acids; and minerals that enhanced the biosynthesis of collagen. This study shows that fish fed the organic feed had significantly bigger collagen fibril diameters than the fish fed the conventional feed. Furthermore, the organically fed fish had similarly sized collagen fibril diameters as wild fish. More research is needed to understand the long-term effects and the mechanism and function of fish collagen peptide intake on lipid absorption and metabolism; and to identify dietary regimes that are able to improve whole body lipid profiles and suppress the transient increase of plasma triglycerides.

scholarly journals Antioxidant nutrition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt, fed diets with high inclusion of plant ingredients and graded levels of micronutrients and selected amino acids

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Hamre ◽  
Nini H. Sissener ◽  
Erik-Jan Lock ◽  
Pål A Olsvik ◽  
Marit Espe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Dietary Concentration

The shift from marine to plant based ingredients in fish feeds affects the dietary concentrations and bioavailability of micronutrients, amino acids and lipids and consequently warrants a re-evaluation of dietary nutrient recommendations. In the present study, an Atlantic salmon diet high in plant ingredients was supplemented with graded levels of nutrient premix (NP), containing selected amino acids, taurine, cholesterol, vitamins and minerals. This article presents the results on the antioxidant nutrients vitamin C, E and selenium (Se), and effects on tissue redox status. The feed ingredients appeared to contain sufficient levels of vitamin E and Se to cover the requirements to prevent clinical deficiency symptoms. The body levels of α-tocopherol (TOH) in parr and that of Se in parr and post-smolt showed a linear relationship with dietary concentration, while α-TOH in post-smolt seemed to be saturable with a breakpoint near 140 mg kg-1. Ascorbic acid (Asc) concentration in the basal feed was below the expected minimum requirement, but the experimental period was probably too short for the fish to develop visible deficiency symptoms. Asc was saturable in both parr and post-smolt whole body at dietary concentrations of 190 and 63-89 mg kg-1, respectively. Maximum whole body Asc concentration was approximately 40 mg kg-1 in parr and 14 mg kg-1 in post-smolt. Retention ranged from 41 to 10% in parr and from -206 to 12% in post-smolt with increasing NP supplementation. This indicates that the post-smolts had an extraordinarily high consumption of Asc. Analyses of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulphide (GSSG) concentrations and the calculated GSH based redox potentials in liver and muscle tissue, indicated only minor effects of diets on redox regulation. However, the post-smolt were more oxidized than the parr. This was supported by the high consumption of Asc and high expression of gpx1 and gpx3 in liver. Based on the present trials, the recommendations for supplementation of vitamin C and E in diets for Atlantic salmon are similar to current practices, e.g 150-200 mg kg-1 of α-TOH and 190 mg kg-1 Asc which was the saturating concentration in parr. Higher concentrations than what would prevent clinical deficiency symptoms are necessary to protect fish against incidents of oxidative stress and to improve immune and stress responses. There were no indications that the Se requirement exceeded the current recommendation of 0.3 mg kg-1.

scholarly journals 40 YEARS of IGF1: Understanding the tissue-specific roles of IGF1/IGF1R in regulating metabolism using the Cre/loxP system

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. T187-T198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda D Kineman ◽  
Mercedes del Rio-Moreno ◽  
André Sarmento-Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Flux ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Functional Homology ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Igf1 Receptor

It is clear that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is important in supporting growth and regulating metabolism. The IGF1 found in the circulation is primarily produced by the liver hepatocytes, but healthy mature hepatocytes do not express appreciable levels of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Therefore, the metabolic actions of IGF1 are thought to be mediated via extra-hepatocyte actions. Given the structural and functional homology between IGF1/IGF1R and insulin receptor (INSR) signaling, and the fact that IGF1, IGF1R and INSR are expressed in most tissues of the body, it is difficult to separate out the tissue-specific contributions of IGF1/IGF1R in maintaining whole body metabolic function. To circumvent this problem, over the last 20 years, investigators have taken advantage of the Cre/loxP system to manipulate IGF1/IGF1R in a tissue-dependent, and more recently, an age-dependent fashion. These studies have revealed that IGF1/IGF1R can alter extra-hepatocyte function to regulate hormonal inputs to the liver and/or alter tissue-specific carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to alter nutrient flux to liver, where these actions are not mutually exclusive, but serve to integrate the function of all tissues to support the metabolic needs of the organism.

Removal of peri-ovarian adipose tissue affects follicular development and lipid metabolism†

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1208
Author(s):  
Menliang Zhu ◽  
Qiyang Shen ◽  
Xiaolian Li ◽  
Jihong Kang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Abnormal Lipid Metabolism

Abstract The development and maturity of follicles are regulated by sex hormones and growth factors. It has been proven that peri-ovarian adipose tissue (POAT) plays an important role in folliculogenesis and fertility in the female ICR and KM mice. The aim of the present study was to further investigate whether the removal of bilateral POAT affected follicular development and lipid metabolism in the female C57BL/6 J mice. Female C57BL/6 J mice at 6-week old were sham-operated (Sham) or removed bilateral POAT (Surgery). After 2 weeks, the mice were subjected to the body composition analysis and indirect calorimetry measurement. Our results show that the Surgery mice exhibited abnormal follicular development, including increased follicular dysplasia and atresia, decreased serum sex hormone levels, and abnormal expression of follicular development-related genes. Correspondingly, the endometrial thickness of the Surgery mice was less than the Sham mice. In addition, the Surgery mice had abnormal lipid metabolism, including reduced fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and up-regulated gene and protein expression involved in lipolysis. These data confirmed the importance of POAT in the follicular development in the female reproduction and suggested the contribution of POAT to the whole-body lipid metabolism.

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