No Business Like FIRC Business: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Bilateral Trade

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-782
Author(s):  
Paul Zachary ◽  
Kathleen Deloughery ◽  
Alexander B. Downes
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Synthetic Controls

Scholars argue that states undertake foreign military interventions for economic reasons, yet few have investigated whether intervention produces economic benefits. This article answers this question in the context of US foreign-imposed regime changes (FIRCs) in Latin America. Because FIRCs install leaders who are sympathetic to the intervener’s interests, economic arguments maintain that these interventions should increase bilateral trade between the targets and imposing countries. Yet security-based arguments assert that FIRCs should have little economic effect, as regime changes target threats rather than generate economic benefits. A third perspective argues that FIRCs reduce trade by generating political instability, which causes foreign firms to cut back on their involvement and domestic firms to experience difficulty getting goods to market. To test these competing arguments, this study employs a novel dataset on bilateral trade (1873–2007) compiled through archival research in Washington, DC. Using a gravity model and synthetic controls, it finds that FIRC produces an average decrease of 45 per cent in the dollar value of bilateral trade. Further analysis of archival sector-level data and case studies cast doubt on alternate explanations.

Enhancing community welfare through improved water quality: a case for applying staggered pollution charges in the river Musi sub-basin of Andhra Pradesh, India

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-483
Author(s):  
Tishya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

In conditions of severe water-pollution and dormant community acceptance of accumulating environmental damage, the regulator's role goes beyond pollution prevention and more towards remediation and solutions based on the community's long-term expectations of economic benefits from clean water. This paper suggests a method to enable these benefits to become perceptible progressively, through participatory clean-up operations, supported by staggered pollution charges. It analyses the relevant literature on pollution prevention and applies a cost-based “willingness to pay” model, using primary basin-level data of total marginal costs. It develops a replicable demand-side approach imposing charge-standard targets over time in urban-industrial basins of developing countries.

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT THE LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECT DUE TO THE USING OF LOW-SPEED INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES, BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE TOWN OF SERPUKHOV

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Olga Leptiukhova ◽  
Marija Utkina
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Complex Criterion ◽  
Electric Bicycle

For more than half a century bicycle transport demonstrates its effectiveness as one of the elements of the transport network of the city. Currently, vehicles with low-power motors such as electric bicycle, electric scooter, gyrometer, segway, wheelbarrow, scooter motor and others are gaining people's attention. These vehicles can be combined into a group of low-speed individual vehicles (hereinafter - NITS) with similar re-quirements for the operational parameters of urban infrastructure. From the urban point of view, the interest in NITC is that the number of its users has increased significantly in recent years. The article presents the results of a sociological survey of residents of Serpukhov, allowing to assess the current and potential readi-ness of the population to use NITC. The growing popularity of NITC has led to an increase in the environmen-tal and economic effect, which is manifested at a particular level of development of the movement on NITC. The ecological and economic effect of the use of NITC has an extremely positive impact on the improvement of the urban environment. This article provides a list of indicators that reflect the growth in the standards of living of society from movement by the NITC, and the calculation of one of them - the increase in entrepre-neurial activity on the streets with increased traffic to the NITC. Indicators are necessary for calculation of complex criterion of efficiency and safety of street network due to development of the movement by NITC. The result will allow public authorities authorized to make decisions on the strategy of transport policy of cities to quantify the ratio of economic benefits from the development of infrastructure of the NITC with the cost of its construction and operation.

scholarly journals Freedom Fries

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Michaels ◽  
Xiaojia Zhi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Us

Do firms always choose the cheapest suitable inputs, or can group attitudes affect their choices? To investigate this question, we examine the deterioration of relations between the United States and France from 2002–2003, when France's favorability rating in the US fell by 48 percentage points. We estimate that the worsening attitudes reduced bilateral trade by about 9 percent and that trade in inputs probably declined similarly, by about 8 percent. We use these estimates to calculate the average decrease in firms' willingness to pay for French (or US) commodities when attitudes worsened. (JEL D24, F13, F14, L14, L21)

scholarly journals Political Risk Insurance: A New Firm-level Data Set

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-1006
Author(s):  
Vincent Arel-Bundock ◽  
Clint Peinhardt ◽  
Amy Pond
Keyword(s):  
Political Risk ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Insurance Contracts ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Level Data ◽  
New Firm ◽  
Risk Insurance

When do governments impose costs on foreign firms? Many studies of foreign direct investment focus on incentives for government expropriation, but scholars are often forced to rely on indirect measures of expropriation to conduct empirical analyses. This article introduces a data set which includes information on over 5,000 political risk insurance contracts issued by the US Overseas Private Investment Corporation since 1961, and on all the claims filed by investors under these contracts. These detailed insurance data allow us to study the determinants of foreign investors’ losses from a variety of sources, including expropriation, inconvertibility, and violent conflict. To illustrate the benefits of these data for hypothesis testing, we adopt a comprehensive empirical approach and explore both shared and distinct causes across risk categories.

Reverse Productivity Spillovers in the OECD: The Contrasting Roles of R&D and Capital

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Zámborský ◽  
Elena J. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Foreign Affiliates ◽  
Knowledge Seeking ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
D Investment

This paper analyzes the relationship between research and development (R&D) and capital investment by domestic firms and the productivity of foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises in developed countries. We explain why “reverse spillovers” from domestic to foreign firms might differ when R&D and capital are considered as two separate channels. Using industry-level data for eight Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies (including the Czech Republic and Slovakia) in 2001–2007, we find robust evidence that R&D investment by local firms is positively associated with the productivity of affiliates of foreign firms. Our findings and theory add to the relatively scarce research on reverse spillovers and contribute to the literature on knowledge-seeking foreign direct investment (FDI).

Grazing pressure, land condition, productivity and profitability of beef cattle grazing buffel grass pastures in the subtropics of Australia: a modelling approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
F. Chudleigh
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
Land Condition

There is widespread evidence that beef cattle land managers in Queensland are using stocking rates for perennial pastures that are substantially higher than recommended guidelines, and some indication that these decisions are motivated by perceived financial and economic benefits. Considerable effort has been, and is currently being, applied by public-sector organisations to encourage producers to reduce grazing pressure from beef cattle across Queensland’s pastoral lands. A better understanding of the relationships among stocking rate, land condition and profitability of beef-grazing enterprises is imperative to better inform cattle producers and policy makers. The present study assessed the effect of grazing pressure and land condition on the productivity and profitability of a steer-turnover enterprise utilising buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) pastures in central Queensland. A property-level, regionally relevant herd model was used to determine whole-of-business productivity and profitability over a 30-year investment period. Growth paths for steers from weaning to marketing were developed for 16 scenarios encompassing a range of pasture-utilisation rates (30%, 35% and 50% of annual biomass growth), land condition (A, B and C) and market targets (feedlot entry at 474 kg or slaughter at 605 kg). The economic effect of each scenario was assessed by comparison to a base scenario of 30% pasture utilisation and turn-off of slaughter steers. Our analyses demonstrated a large economic advantage from increasing grazing pressure above 30% utilisation for buffel grass pastures, even with assumptions of declining land condition and animal performance. For instance, producing slaughter steers under a 50% pasture-utilisation regime with a continuous decline in land condition from A to C (and, hence, productivity) over Years 10–30 was AU$21 772/annum more profitable than was a 30% pasture-utilisation strategy, which is widely recommended as closer to a long-term, safe utilisation rate. The present research has provided insights into the relationship between grazing pressure and economic returns of beef producers over the medium term. However, it should be considered as a scoping study due to the paucity of data for effects of utilisation rate on the productivity of buffel grass pastures and, hence, on land-condition rating. Further research is required to better understand the effects of utilisation rate of buffel grass, and other sown pasture grass and legume species, on plant biomass production, plant-diet quality for cattle, land-condition decline and cattle productivity.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF NATURAL RECREATIONAL RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1(78)) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
O.S. GOLIKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recreational Resources ◽  
Recreational Use

Topicality. The current state of socio-economic development demonstrates awareness of the need harmonious solving economic and environmental issues that arise as a result of recreational nature-use management; necessitates the search for scientific approaches to the classification of natural recreational resources, as well as the transformation and diversification of the recreational and tourist sphere functioning. Aim and tasks. Aim: deepening and analysis of scientific approaches to the classification of natural recreational resources in the context of rational nature use and the recreational and tourist activities development. Tasks: to classify natural recreational resources on the grounds of exhaustibility, renewability, reproduction, setting restrictions on forms and property rights and their possible diversification in recreational and tourist activities. Research results. The state of socio-economic and ecological interaction, the increase of society's needs in recreational resources and facilities cause the need for targeted use of natural resource capital to meet the needs of the population - in recreational nature-use management. Three functions of recreational nature-use management (social, economic and nature protection) are defined, their maintenance is opened. The distribution of environmental elements on natural resources and natural conditions, which is quite conditional, has been studied. According to the review and analysis of classification criteria and characteristics, approaches to classification are systematized, namely: physical-geographical aspect, economic effect, economic-legal, environmental and social factors. The classification of natural recreational resources is given in context of ownership relations and economic interests between the subjects of recreational and tourist sphere and from the possible diversification side of natural recreational resources use. Conclusion. Thus, since the classification of natural recreational resources and conditions allows to identify patterns of different resources combination, determine the economic benefits of their use, opportunities for alternative, including recreational, use, as well as draw conclusions about the rational use, conservation and prospects of diversification, prospects for territory development priorities and communities located on them.

scholarly journals Composition of small and large firms’ business networks in transition economies

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (46) ◽  
pp. 195-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Portugal Ferreira ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Fernando Ribeiro Serra ◽  
Sungu Armagan
Keyword(s):  
Transition Economies ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Business Networks ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Government ◽  
Formal Business

In this study, using firm level data from twenty six transition economies collected by the World Bank and the EBRD in 1999-2000, we conduct a set of logistic regression models to investigate the composition of small and large firms’ business networks. The results show that, in contrast to smaller firms, larger firms are more likely to have formal business relationships, and relationships with national and foreign financial institutions, government, and foreign firms. In addition, in a subgroup analysis of seven transition economies we show that the composition of the firms’ business networks varies substantially across countries but that the government is still a dominant client. Furthermore, we found a large variation on firms’ reliance on informal ties and the extent to which firms exchange with foreign firms.

scholarly journals Implementation of energy service contracts in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 03009
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Markovskaya ◽  
Sergey Ryabichenko ◽  
Elena Znamenskaya ◽  
Galina Dyakova
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Service Contracts ◽  
Energy Service ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Careful Management

The article discusses the features of energy service contracts as one of the types of state-business interaction in the form of a public-private partnership. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main problems accompanying the implementation of energy service contracts on the basis of a case analysis and to develop recommendations for those who are at the stage of concluding such agreements. The following causes of problems between the parties to the energy service contracts are highlighted: methodological, organizational and financial. The following recommendations are developed based on the experience of participation in forensic examinations: 1) careful study of the methodology for calculating savings using energy audit; 2) the method of calculating the economic effect should be an integral part of the energy service contract; 3) careful management of documents in order to be able to begin to resolve the conflict in the pretrial order according to the Civil Code; 4) the contractor must make sure that there are economic benefits based on detailed calculations of indicators such as payback period, net present value of the project, internal rate of return, which it is mandatory to compare with the cost of financial resources used in the project.

scholarly journals Measuring Global Value Chains

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Production Stages

Recent decades have seen the emergence of global value chains (GVCs), in which production stages for individual goods are broken apart and scattered across countries. Stimulated by these developments, there has been rapid progress in data and methods for measuring GVC linkages. The macro approach to measuring GVCs connects national input–output tables across borders by using bilateral trade data to construct global input–output tables. These tables have been applied to measure trade in value added, the length of and location of producers in GVCs, and price linkages across countries. The micro approach uses firm-level data to document firms’ input sourcing decisions, how import and export participation are linked, and how multinational firms organize their production networks. In this review, I evaluate progress in these two approaches, highlighting points of contact between them and areas that demand further work. I argue that further convergence between these approaches can strengthen both, yielding a more complete empirical portrait of GVCs.

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