Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of Ethiopia. I. Distribution, ecology and host relationships of species infesting livestock

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert G. Pegram ◽  
Harry Hoogstraal ◽  
Hilda Y. Wassef
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Ornithodoros Savignyi ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractIn a survey of adult ticks infesting livestock in Ethiopia, 33 species and subspecies were identified. The distribution and abundance of each are discussed in relation to ecology (altitude, climate and vegetation). Amblyomma variegatum (F.) is the most widespread and abundant tick parasitising cattle. A. cohaerens Dön. is common on cattle in wetter western habitats but is replaced by A. gemma Dön. in drier eastern areas. A. lepidum Dön. occupies intermediate habitats. The distribution of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) is similar to that of A. variegatum. Hyalomma truncatum Koch and H. marginatum rufipes Koch are both common except in extremely arid and humid zones. H. anatolicum anatolicum Koch, H. anatolicum excavatum Koch, H. dromedarii Koch, H. erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, and H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke are usually associated with camels in semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum., R. sanguineus (Latr.) group and R. simus Koch do not display marked ecological preferences. East of the Rift Valley in semi-arid areas below 2000 m, R. pulchellus (Gerst.) is abundant on cattle and camels. R. longicoxatus Neum. and R. pravus Dön. inhabit drier localities, but R. lunulatus Neum. occurs only in wetter western areas. Species taken infrequently were A. nuttalli Dön., A. sparsum Neum., B. annulatus (Say), Haemaphysalis aciculifer Warb., H. leachii (Aud.), H. parmata Neum., H. spinulosa Neum., Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Koch, H. marginatum turanicum Pom., H. punt Hoogst., Kaiser & Pedersen, Ornithodoros savignyi (Aud.), R. longus Neum., R. muhsamae Morel & Vassiliades, and R. senegalensis Koch. The seasonal dynamics of the common species and observations on their relationships to tick-borne diseases of man and domestic animals are discussed.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of Ethiopia. I. Distribution, ecology and host relationships of species infesting livestock

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert G. Pegram ◽  
Harry Hoogstraal ◽  
Hilda Y. Wassef
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Ornithodoros Savignyi ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractIn a survey of adult ticks infesting livestock in Ethiopia, 33 species and subspecies were identified. The distribution and abundance of each are discussed in relation to ecology (altitude, climate and vegetation). Amblyomma variegatum (F.) is the most widespread and abundant tick parasitising cattle. A. cohaerens Dön. is common on cattle in wetter western habitats but is replaced by A. gemma Dön. in drier eastern areas. A. lepidum Dön. occupies intermediate habitats. The distribution of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) is similar to that of A. variegatum. Hyalomma truncatum Koch and H. marginatum rufipes Koch are both common except in extremely arid and humid zones. H. anatolicum anatolicum Koch, H. anatolicum excavatum Koch, H. dromedarii Koch, H. erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, and H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke are usually associated with camels in semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum., R. sanguineus (Latr.) group and R. simus Koch do not display marked ecological preferences. East of the Rift Valley in semi-arid areas below 2000 m, R. pulchellus (Gerst.) is abundant on cattle and camels. R. longicoxatus Neum. and R. pravus Dön. inhabit drier localities, but R. lunulatus Neum. occurs only in wetter western areas. Species taken infrequently were A. nuttalli Dön., A. sparsum Neum., B. annulatus (Say), Haemaphysalis aciculifer Warb., H. leachii (Aud.), H. parmata Neum., H. spinulosa Neum., Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Koch, H. marginatum turanicum Pom., H. punt Hoogst., Kaiser & Pedersen, Ornithodoros savignyi (Aud.), R. longus Neum., R. muhsamae Morel & Vassiliades, and R. senegalensis Koch. The seasonal dynamics of the common species and observations on their relationships to tick-borne diseases of man and domestic animals are discussed.

The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Host relationships of the tick: Part 2. Observations on hill and moorland grazings in northern England

Parasitology ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 39 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Common Lizard ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Host List

Although three other Ixodes species were found, Ixodes ricinus L., when it occurs, is by far the most important tick parasite of wild and domestic animals on hill and moorland grazings in northern England. In the following, ‘tick’ or ‘ticks’ refer to I. ricinus.The previous list of British mammal hosts, wild and domestic, to the tick (any stage) is largely confirmed, and increased approximately from twenty-three to twenty-nine species; and birds, similarly, from twenty-one to thirty-nine species. The preponderance of small mammals and birds among the twenty-four new-recorded host species confirms the impression that previous workers tended to confine their attentions to the larger animals. The host list is still incomplete, and the suggestion that the tick will parasitize any bird or mammal it may meet is strongly reinforced.No host occurs below the reptile level among vertebrates; and among British reptiles, only the common lizard is a host—rarely. There appear to be no hosts among invertebrates.All the farm and domestic mammals from horse down to cat are hosts to female ticks, but poultry have never been recorded—probably because they do not much frequent the tick-infested pastures.Only the larger wild mammals and birds are hosts to female ticks. In northern England these include eight mammals and three birds. For Britain as a whole two other mammals are known, while a further four mammals and one bird are likely hosts.With or without the inclusion of domestic animals, proportionately more mammal than bird species are hosts to female ticks. This is because there are more mammal than bird species large enough to be hosts.All the recorded British hosts, except shrew and possibly mole, are hosts in some degree to nymphs, and all, without exception, are hosts to larvae.A certain amount of self-deticking is practised by birds, and very probably by some of the smaller mammals. Birds never have ticks attached within beak-reach.

Ecology and host-relationships of ticks (Ixodoidea) infesting domestic animals in Kassala Province, Sudan, with special reference to Amblyomma lepidum Dönitz.

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaafar Karrar ◽  
Makram N. Kaiser ◽  
Harry Hoogstraal
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Savannah River ◽  
Hyalomma Dromedarii ◽  
Mating Activity ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
The Status ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Desert Scrub

Amblyomma lepidum Dön., previously incriminated as a vector of heartwater (caused by Rickettsia ruminantium) among sheep and goats, and possibly camels, in southern Kassala Province, Sudan, is apparently the only Amblyomma species in this area. Systematic collections of all ticks infesting domestic animals were carried out in November 1959, just after the rains, in five ecologically differing areas in the region most severely infected with heartwater. Though rare in desert scrub (north of 16°N. latitude) and only moderately numerous in semidesert grassland (Butana area), incidence of A. lepidum is high in wooded savannah (River Atbara) and in the cultivated Gash Delta, and highest (15·5 per host) in the Acacia seyal savannah of the River Gash. Chief hosts of adults are cattle. Sheep are secondary hosts, and camels, donkeys, and goats are less heavily infested. Two males were taken feeding on humans. Mating (breeding) activity is only slight following the rains (November). Few larvae and nymphs were found during this period; those present were mainly on sheep and goats, with a few on cattle, and these were usually feeding on the hoofs of their hosts.Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus (Latr.), the most numerous and widely distributed tick here, infests chiefly sheep and goats, is common on cattle, and also occurs on camels and donkeys. Mating activity of this species is high in November. Hyalomma dromedarii Koch is equally widely distributed and follows R. s. sanguineus in numbers, but is most frequent on camels, common on cattle, and rare on donkeys and sheep; goats were uninfested. Mating is moderately active at this season. The incidence of H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke, which occurs in each zone, equalled that of A. lepidum. Cattle are the chief hosts and camels are secondary hosts; donkeys, sheep, and goats are less frequently infested. Mating activity is moderate in November.Other more or less common tick species on these domestic animals are Boophilus decoloratus (Koch), R. e. evertsi Neum., R. simus Koch, H. anatolicum excavatum Koch, H. truncatum Koch and H. marginatum rufipes Koch, evidence for the status of which as a subspecies of H. marginatum Koch is to be presented in a subsequent paper. Several other rare species are also recorded.

Ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) of the northern regions of the Somali Democratic Republic

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Pegram
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Babesia Bigemina ◽  
Ornithodoros Savignyi ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Cowdria Ruminantium ◽  
Northern Regions

AbstractIn this survey of distribution and prevalence of adult ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) parasitising domestic animals in the northern regions of the Somali Democratic Republic, 26 species were identified. The ten most common species were widely distributed with Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Koch, H. dromedarii Koch, H. erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke and Rhipicephalus sanguineus group more common in the drier vegetation zones, and H. marginatum rufipes Koch, H. truncatum Koch, R. e. evertsi Neum., R. pravus Dön. and R. pulchellus (Gerst.) more common in the wetter woodland, evergreen and forested zones. Four species, Amblyomma gemma Dön., A. variegatum (F.), Boophilus decoloratus Koch and R. simus Koch, were confined to the wooded zones above 1200 m altitude. Species collected less frequently were Argas persicus (Oken), Amblyomma falsomarmoreum Tonelli-Rondelli, H. anatolicum excavatum Koch, H. m. marginatum Koch, H. m. turanicum Pom., H. punt Hoogst., Kaiser & Pedersen, Ornithodoros savignyi (Aud.), R. armatus Pocock and R. longicoxatus Neum. Ambylomma lepidum Dön. was represented only by a few specimens introduced on nomadic livestock.Nearly 60% of the total number of ticks collected were R. pulchellus. This species is considered to be the main vector of Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) virus in northern Somalia. NSD is the most important tickborne disease in sheep and goats and causes considerable economic losses to the Somali livestock industry. A. gemma and A. variegatum are probably the vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (heartwater) in sheep and goats in the western highlands. These two ticks are also incriminated in the spread of Dermatophilus congolensis infection (streptothricosis). R. e. evertsi may be the vector of Babesia motasi in sheep and goats. Boophilus decoloratus is probably the vector of Babesia bigemina in cattle in the western highlands. Various tick species may be associated with bacterial abscesses of feet and lymph nodes in sheep and goats.

Environmental control of germination and dormancy of seeds of two cytotypes of Lygeum spartum L., a perennial grass of semi-arid and arid areas in Algeria

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderazak Djabeur ◽  
Meriem Kaid-Harche ◽  
Daniel Côme ◽  
Françoise Corbineau
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Semi Arid

Bioactive Constituents from South American Prosopis and their Use and Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann ◽  
Cristina Theoduloz ◽  
Felipe Jiménez-Aspee ◽  
Javier Echeverría
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Mutagenic Effect ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
South American ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Hand Search ◽  
By Products ◽  
Semi Arid

Background: The pods from several South American Prosopis species have been considered relevant food in arid and semi-arid South America since prehistoric times. Traditionally the meal from the pods was processed to prepare different foods and beverages. Objective: The objective was to discuss literature from the archaeological evidence of use to study the chemistry and (bio)activity of the extracts and secondary metabolites occurring in different Prosopis food products. Method: The review was carried out by searching electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed and hand-search on literature. The review mainly covers studies performed in the year 1995-2019 and the first-hand experience of the authors. References on the historical and prehistorical uses of the natural resource were also included. Results: In the last decades, most studies on the edible South American Prosopis focused on the constituents of pods meal, traditional preparations and by-products. Total 45 flavonoids, ellagic acid derivatives, catechin and simple phenolics were identified. Alkaloids occur mainly in the leaves, that are not used for human nutrition but as food for domestic animals. Piperidine alkaloids, tryptamine, tyramine and β-phenethylamine were isolated and identified from several species. The (bio)activity studies included mainly the antioxidant effect, antiinflammatory and enzyme inhibition associated with metabolic syndrome. The products showed no toxicity or mutagenic effect. Conclusions: While data on the chemistry, some (bio)activities and toxicity are available for the pods meal and byproducts, little is known about the composition of the fermented Algarrobo beverages. Further studies are needed on the digestion of Algarrobo products both in humans and cattle.

scholarly journals Animal Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2 in Animals, What Do We Actually Know?

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Paolo Bonilauri ◽  
Gianluca Rugna
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Respiratory Tract Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a well-known group of viruses in veterinary medicine. We currently know four genera of Coronavirus, alfa, beta, gamma, and delta. Wild, farmed, and pet animals are infected with CoVs belonging to all four genera. Seven human respiratory coronaviruses have still been identified, four of which cause upper-respiratory-tract diseases, specifically, the common cold, and the last three that have emerged cause severe acute respiratory syndromes, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. In this review we briefly describe animal coronaviruses and what we actually know about SARS-CoV-2 infection in farm and domestic animals.

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