A Method for the Rearing of Egg Parasites of the Sugar-cane Moth-borers

1928 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
L. D. Cleare

In 1921, when engaged on work on the small moth-borers of sugar-cane (Diatraea spp.), the writer devised the method and apparatus for the rearing of the egg-parasites (Trichogramma minutum, Riley, and Prophanurus alecto, Cwfd.) of these insects which is described hereafter. It was proposed at the time to investigate further this method of control of small moth-borers, but owing to the change in the writer's position it has not been possible since to do any extensive work in this direction. As the rearing of Trichogramma by this method has been practised since 1921 on a small scale on the two estates on which it was initiated, and has now been adopted in a modified form on two other sugar estates in the Colony, it has been considered desirable to give an account of the method and a description of the appliances used in the rearing of these egg-parasites.

Ethnology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome S. Handler
Keyword(s):  

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandla Mkhungo ◽  
◽  
Paul Green ◽  
Cecile N. Gerwel Proches ◽  
◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simion Matsvai ◽  
Abbissynia Mushunje ◽  
Simbarashe Tatsvarei

Perspektif ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Agus Wahyudi

<p align="center">ABSTRAK</p><p align="center"> </p><p>Produksi gula dari usaha perkebunan tebu rakyat di Jawa hingga saat ini masih menjadi andalan produksi gula nasional, tetapi dalam lima tahun terakhir kontribusinya menurun sejalan dengan semakin menurunnya areal tebu. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa daya saing usaha tebu rakyat semakin menurun yang diindikasikan oleh tingkat keuntungan yang terus menurun dan lebih rendah daripada usaha tani lainnya. Untuk meningkatkan daya saing usaha tebu rakyat diperlukan kebijakan pemerintah dalam rangka membantu memecahkan masalah atau mengatasi kendala-kendala, baik yang bersifat teknis maupun ekonomi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari alternatif kebijakan teknis yang diperkirakan dapat membantu mengatasi kelangkaan sumber daya yang kemungkinan terjadi; serta mempelajari kemungkinan diperlukannya kebijakan pemberian insentif agar kebijakan teknis secara efektif dapat berjalan, melalui simulasi penetapan harga jual tebu dan gula. Alternatif kebijakan teknis yang bisa diterapkan untuk membantu mengatasi kelangkaan sumber daya yang terjadi pada sumber daya lahan, tenaga kerja, pupuk, benih tebu dan modal. Kelangkaan lahan mendorong terjadinya pergeseran budidaya tebu ke lahan kering, dengan potensi produktivitas lebih rendah, sehingga perlu pengembangan infrastruktur irigasi sederhana.  Kelangkaan tenaga kerja terjadi berulang pada saat kegiatan puncak, sehingga perlu pola tanam tebu yang memungkinkan penerapan mekanisasi. Kelangkaan pupuk sering terjadi karena kegiatan pemupukan tebu bersamaan dengan usaha tani lainnya, sehingga perlu koordinasi antar lembaga terkait untuk menyediakan pupuk khusus untuk usaha tebu. Benih tebu bermutu sangat langka, sehingga perlu penyederhanaan peraturan penjenjangan kebun benih tebu, agar produksi benih dapat berjalan. Modal usaha tebu rakyat masih langka dan belum sepenuhnya dapat dipenuhi dengan penyaluran KUR Khusus Tebu, sehingga perlu kebijakan operasional untuk meningkatkan akses terhadap KUR. Selain itu masalah ketidakpastian harga tebu juga harus diatasi, melalui kebijakan penetapan harga jual tebu, yang sekaligus sebagai insentif bagi pekebun untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tebu.</p><p align="center">ABSTRACT</p><p align="center"> </p><p>Sugar production from smallholder farming in Java still has significant contribution to the national sugar production, however, in the last five years the contribution has decreased in line with the decreasing sugar cane area. This condition indicates that the competitiveness or profitability rate is decreasing and lower than other farmings. To improve the competitiveness, government policies are needed in order to assist in relaxing the constraints, both technical and economic constraints.  This paper aims to study the technical policies that are expected to overcome the scarcity of resources that are likely to occur; as well as to study the possible incentive policies applied to support the technical policies, through simulations of the pricing of sugar cane and sugar.  Alternative technical policies are applied to overcome resource scarcity in land resources, labor, fertilizer, sugar cane seeds and capital. Land scarcity has encouraged the shift of sugarcane cultivation to dry land, with lower productivity potential, so it needs the development of simple irrigation infrastructure.  Labor scarcity occurs repeatedly during peak activities hence it is necessary to cultivate sugarcane patterns that allow the application of mechanization. Fertilizer scarcity often occurs because of sugarcane fertilization activities in concurrence with other farmings, so it is necessary to coordinate between related institutions to provide special fertilizer for sugar cane farms. Quality sugar cane seeds are very rare, so it is necessary to simplify the regulation of the classifications of sugarcane seeds, in order the seed production can run. The capital is still scarce and can not be fully fulfilled with the KUR (small scale credit program), so it needs operational policies to improve the access to KUR. In addition, the problem of sugarcane price uncertainty must also be addressed, through the policy of pricing of sugarcane, which also as an incentive for farmers to increase the productivity.</p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5265-5268

The work in this paper is focused , about the sugarcane harvesting machine, as India is considered as one of the higher consumers and producers of sugarcane and its by products and to due to huge population, there is a high demand of sugarcane and to meet the demand of population, large scale production has to be adopted, hence for farming and harvesting the sugarcane an automated, low cost harvester is necessary for the farmers to reduce the efforts of sugarcane harvesting and to increase the rate of sugar cane cutting. This machine will be helpful for the farmers having both small and big farms, the work on this paper was carried to identify the major options along with the opportunities and major chances for future enhancement in the field of agriculture industries.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-214
Author(s):  
Ambayu Sofya Yuana ◽  
Siti Kholifah ◽  
Mohamad Anas

Small-scale farmers in Tlogosari, Pagak, Malang have many limitations, especially economically. Instead of wanting to improve economic prosperity, small-scale farmer makes changes to the commodities they grow from sugar cane to sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) or albizia). But the change in this commodity has an impact on changing the pattern of short to long harvests. This condition has increasingly resulted in the economic downturn of the farming family, coupled with the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic, making farmers increasingly powerless. This research focuses on the survival mechanism of small-scale farmers who switch commodities from sugar cane to sengon during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses James Scott's theory of the ethics of subsistence as a knife of analysis and uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research informants were determined by purposive sampling with the criteria of small-scale farmer informants who were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the change of sugarcane commodity to sengon. The price of sengon during the COVID-19 pandemic dropped dramatically due to many factories closed, so farmers are also confused looking for sengon buyers. This condition makes small-scale farmers feel like poor famine. Faced with such conditions, smallholders do survival by other work, namely making gatot, tiwul, and corn grits (ampok) as a profitable employment opportunity in the future of COVID-19


2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Flávio Dias Mayer ◽  
Ronaldo Hoffmann ◽  
Michel Brondani ◽  
Paulo Roberto dos Santos Salbego ◽  
Thiago Castro de Almeida ◽  
...  

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-83
Author(s):  
George N. Wolcott

The initiation in the formation of waves of abundance of egg-clusters of Diatraea saccharalis F. each spring in the northwestern corner of Puerto Rico is seasonal, but their height, duration and sudden drop is late summer are due to the near perfection of natural control by Trichogramma minutum Riley. In the remaining four-fifths of Puerto Rico, the factors responsible for the initiation, height and usually much shorter duration of waves of abundance, of egg-clusters lare not seasonal at all, but apparently depend on temporary and partial failure of biologic control in previous generations of the host. Natural control in the egg stage, even with often almost as many egg-clusters eaten by ants as attacked by parasites, rarely occurs, because of the shortness of the period of the wave. Irrigation so modifies humidity that rainfall, varying from less than 30 inches to nearly 90 inches per year, can not be proved to be 3 factor, and the variations in temperature are within too narrow limits to produce an effect. Height of cane and- variety of cane has no effect on egg-clusters, but ratoon cane averages greater abundance of host eggs, and higher parasitism, than plant cane or ratoon cane of which the trash has been burned. Parasitism invariably averages higher when or where host eggs are most numerous, but great variation in abundance of eggs in individual fields is paralleled by comparable variation in parasitism not depending on host abundance. Fields with more than five fresh eggclusters per man-hour and less than 33% parasitism are one out of every ten or eleven, and generalized predictions as to the occurrence of such conditions can be made. The release of laboratory-reared parasites can be commercially justified only in fields meeting these conditions, which occur most often in plant cane on the south coast during the winter.


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