PENINGKATAN DAYA SAING USAHA PERKEBUNAN TEBU RAKYAT DI JAWA: TANTANGAN DARI PERSPEKTIF KEBIJAKAN  / Improving the Competitiveness of Sugarcane Farming in Java: Challenges from Policy Perspectives

ABSTRAK Produksi gula dari usaha perkebunan tebu rakyat di Jawa hingga saat ini masih menjadi andalan produksi gula nasional, tetapi dalam lima tahun terakhir kontribusinya menurun sejalan dengan semakin menurunnya areal tebu. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa daya saing usaha tebu rakyat semakin menurun yang diindikasikan oleh tingkat keuntungan yang terus menurun dan lebih rendah daripada usaha tani lainnya. Untuk meningkatkan daya saing usaha tebu rakyat diperlukan kebijakan pemerintah dalam rangka membantu memecahkan masalah atau mengatasi kendala-kendala, baik yang bersifat teknis maupun ekonomi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari alternatif kebijakan teknis yang diperkirakan dapat membantu mengatasi kelangkaan sumber daya yang kemungkinan terjadi; serta mempelajari kemungkinan diperlukannya kebijakan pemberian insentif agar kebijakan teknis secara efektif dapat berjalan, melalui simulasi penetapan harga jual tebu dan gula. Alternatif kebijakan teknis yang bisa diterapkan untuk membantu mengatasi kelangkaan sumber daya yang terjadi pada sumber daya lahan, tenaga kerja, pupuk, benih tebu dan modal. Kelangkaan lahan mendorong terjadinya pergeseran budidaya tebu ke lahan kering, dengan potensi produktivitas lebih rendah, sehingga perlu pengembangan infrastruktur irigasi sederhana. Kelangkaan tenaga kerja terjadi berulang pada saat kegiatan puncak, sehingga perlu pola tanam tebu yang memungkinkan penerapan mekanisasi. Kelangkaan pupuk sering terjadi karena kegiatan pemupukan tebu bersamaan dengan usaha tani lainnya, sehingga perlu koordinasi antar lembaga terkait untuk menyediakan pupuk khusus untuk usaha tebu. Benih tebu bermutu sangat langka, sehingga perlu penyederhanaan peraturan penjenjangan kebun benih tebu, agar produksi benih dapat berjalan. Modal usaha tebu rakyat masih langka dan belum sepenuhnya dapat dipenuhi dengan penyaluran KUR Khusus Tebu, sehingga perlu kebijakan operasional untuk meningkatkan akses terhadap KUR. Selain itu masalah ketidakpastian harga tebu juga harus diatasi, melalui kebijakan penetapan harga jual tebu, yang sekaligus sebagai insentif bagi pekebun untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tebu.ABSTRACT Sugar production from smallholder farming in Java still has significant contribution to the national sugar production, however, in the last five years the contribution has decreased in line with the decreasing sugar cane area. This condition indicates that the competitiveness or profitability rate is decreasing and lower than other farmings. To improve the competitiveness, government policies are needed in order to assist in relaxing the constraints, both technical and economic constraints. This paper aims to study the technical policies that are expected to overcome the scarcity of resources that are likely to occur; as well as to study the possible incentive policies applied to support the technical policies, through simulations of the pricing of sugar cane and sugar. Alternative technical policies are applied to overcome resource scarcity in land resources, labor, fertilizer, sugar cane seeds and capital. Land scarcity has encouraged the shift of sugarcane cultivation to dry land, with lower productivity potential, so it needs the development of simple irrigation infrastructure. Labor scarcity occurs repeatedly during peak activities hence it is necessary to cultivate sugarcane patterns that allow the application of mechanization. Fertilizer scarcity often occurs because of sugarcane fertilization activities in concurrence with other farmings, so it is necessary to coordinate between related institutions to provide special fertilizer for sugar cane farms. Quality sugar cane seeds are very rare, so it is necessary to simplify the regulation of the classifications of sugarcane seeds, in order the seed production can run. The capital is still scarce and can not be fully fulfilled with the KUR (small scale credit program), so it needs operational policies to improve the access to KUR. In addition, the problem of sugarcane price uncertainty must also be addressed, through the policy of pricing of sugarcane, which also as an incentive for farmers to increase the productivity.

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What Does Gender Yield Gap Tell Us about Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries?

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Eileen B. Nchanji ◽

Odhiambo A. Collins ◽

Enid Katungi ◽

Agness Nduguru ◽

Catherine Kabungo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Selection Bias ◽

Crop Production ◽

Household Food Security ◽

Small Scale ◽

Smallholder Farming ◽

Yield Gap ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Research Issues ◽

Farm Work ◽

Lower Productivity

This study examines the extent of the productivity gap between male and female bean producers, its discriminatory nature and implications for the policymakers in agriculture in Tanzania. Generally, women are distinctively “invisible” in agriculture, due to social norms and even from the national agricultural policy perspective. Their discrimination arises from uncounted and unaccounted for farm work, and their productivity is reduced by triple roles, limited access to education, having triple effects on access to technology, training and land rights. In research, issues of concern to them such as nutritious food crops, varietal selection on important attributes, household food security, convenient home storage and small-scale processing are widely ignored through unfavourable policy design. Given the above discriminatory issues surrounding women in agriculture, they are hypothesised to be less productive and often lag behind male counterparts in crop production. To test the above hypothesis, a three-stage stratified sampling method was used to collect cross-sectional data in 2016 across four regions of Tanzania. Then, an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method (at means) was used to apportion the sources of the difference between men and women into explained and unexplained variations. Further improvements through the newly developed Re-Centered Influence Functions (RIFs) remarkably improved outcomes as the differences were analysed through unconditional partial effects on quantiles. Using a counterfactual approach and correcting for selection bias, the model provided consistent estimates for easy comparison of the two groups. Besides this, it emerged that interventions such as providing improved bean seed varieties and training farmers on good agricultural practices reduced the gender yield gap and provided a potential avenue for addressing the discrimination observed in productivity among males and females. Controlling for selection bias also improved the model, but the real discrimination was observed at the 50th percentile, where the majority of the respondents lay within. However, if a female’s age, family size, additional years of schooling and discretion to spend income from beans were taken away, they would be worse off. Our study finds that females comprised 25 percent of the sample, had 6 percent lower productivity, provided 64.70 percent on-farm labour and had 0.32 hectares less land compared to males, ceteris paribus. Access to improved varieties contributed to a 35.4 percent improved productivity compared to growing indigenous/local varieties. The implication is that the gender yield gap can be reduced significantly if efforts are focused on preventing or correcting factors causing discrimination against women.

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Environmental Performance of Small-Scale Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant for Rural Area Water Supply

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11010040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Latifah Abdul Ghani ◽

Nora’aini Ali ◽

Ilyanni Syazira Nazaran ◽

Marlia M. Hanafiah

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Global Warming ◽

Water Supply ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Resource Scarcity ◽

Small Scale ◽

Seawater Desalination ◽

Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽

Desalination Technology ◽

The Impact

Seawater desalination is an alternative technology to provide safe drinking water and to solve water issues in an area having low water quality and limited drinking water supply. Currently, reverse osmosis (RO) is commonly used in the desalination technology and experiencing significant growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the environmental impacts of the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant installed in Kampung Pantai Senok, Kelantan, as this plant was the first installed in Malaysia. The software SimaPro 8.5 together with the ReCiPe 2016 database were used as tools to evaluate the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the SWRO plant. The results showed that the impact of global warming (3.90 kg CO2 eq/year) was the highest, followed by terrestrial ecotoxicity (1.62 kg 1,4-DCB/year) and fossil resource scarcity (1.29 kg oil eq/year). The impact of global warming was caused by the natural gas used to generate the electricity, mainly during the RO process. Reducing the environmental impact can be effectively achieved by decreasing the electricity usage for the seawater desalination process. As a suggestion, electricity generation can be overcome by using a high-flux membrane with other suitable renewable energy for the plant such as solar and wind energy.

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Poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems

10.1101/2020.05.19.104059 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexis Delabouglise ◽

Nguyen Thi Le Thanh ◽

Huynh Thi Ai Xuyen ◽

Benjamin Nguyen-Van-Yen ◽

Phung Ngoc Tuyet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Low Income ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Farm Size ◽

Small Scale ◽

Flock Size ◽

Smallholder Farming ◽

Southern Vietnam ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

The Impact

AbstractAvian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in Asia for two decades. Farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. We used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern Vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. We found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% higher when an outbreak occurred, and 214% higher if an outbreak with sudden deaths occurred in the same month. Vaccination and disinfection were strongly positively correlated with flock size and farm size, respectively. Small-scale farmers – the overwhelming majority of poultry producers in low-income countries – tend to rely on rapid sale of birds to mitigate losses from diseases. As depopulated birds are sent to markets or trading networks, this reactive behavior has the potential to enhance onward transmission.One sentence summaryA cohort study of fifty three small-scale poultry farms in southern Vietnam reveals that when outbreaks occur with symptoms similar to highly pathogenic avian influenza, farmers respond by sending their chickens to market early, potentially exacerbating the effects of the outbreak.

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Pertumbuhan, Produktivitas dan Hasil Hablur Klon Tebu Masak Awal-Tengah di Tanah Inceptisol

Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) ◽

10.24831/jai.v46i2.17088 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 208 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Supriyadi , ◽

Ahmad Dhiaul Khuluq ◽

Dan Djumali

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Sugar Industry ◽

Block Design ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Land ◽

Experimental Station ◽

Randomized Block Design

ABSTRACT Sugar cane is a strategic commodity for the Indonesian government as raw material for the national sugar industry. Cultivation of sugar cane has been shifted to dry areas dominated by Inceptisol, Vertisol, and Ultisol soil. These conditions require certain clones to obtain high sugar yield. New improved varieties have been developed and 8 early-mid maturiting clones have been obtained. The study was aimed to evaluate and obtain earty-mid maturing clones with higher sugar yield than the existing varieties in dry land of Inceptisol soil. The study was conducted at the Karangploso Experimental Station, Malang from July 2015 to September 2016. The study was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consistsed of eight clones of early to mid maturing sugarcane clones and one control variety (Kenthung). The eight clones were (1) PS 04 117, (2) PS 04 259, (3) PS 04 129, (4) PS 05 258, (5) PS 06 391, (6) PS 06 370, (7) PS 06 188, and (8) JR 01. The results showed that three clones (PS 06 188, PS 05 258 and JR 01) produced higher sugar yield (10.45-11.88 ton ha-1), and the other clones showewd lower sugar yield (6.55-9.37 ton ha-1) than that of Kenthung variety (9.16 ton ha-1).PS 06 188 and PS 05 258 clones obtained the highest sugar yield of 11.88 and 11.49 ton ha-1, respectively. Keywords: dry land, performance, Saccharum officinarum, sugar content, variety

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Interplay between structural change in Central Asian agriculture and institutional scarcity of land and water: evidence from Tajikistan

Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie ◽

10.1515/zfw-2016-0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (1-2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Insa Theesfeld ◽

Frederike Klümper

Keyword(s):

Structural Change ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Arable Land ◽

Resource Scarcity ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Small Scale ◽

Institutional Relations ◽

Access Rights ◽

Third Dimension

Abstract:This contribution focuses on the interaction between structural change in agriculture and the availability of key natural resources – land and water. The relationship is not unidimensional; therefore, we propose three dimensions of resource-induced structural change. The first dimension describes the links between the two critical input factors into agricultural production, namely land and water. To systematize this perspective, we use the concept of linking patterns that depict direct and indirect intersectoral linkages from a property rights perspective. Second, we examinee the dimension of how structural change in agriculture can be triggered by scarcity of natural resources. The third dimension describes structural change that may lead to overuse and scarcity. In this regard, we introduce resource scarcity not only as physical but most important as institutional scarcity. To illustrate these dimensions, we have chosen a case in Central Asia, where the availability and the control of access and withdrawal rights to land and water is of utmost importance for the agricultural sector. Tajikistan faces physical and institutional scarcity in arable land. The institutional scarcity is due to the non-transparent and costly processes that need to be followed to gain land rights. Likewise there is sufficient supply in water, in Tajikistan, but the de-facto access rights to water are limited for some groups. For instance, the post-socialist irrigation infrastructure is now inappropriate to serve all small-scale users on a canal. In the future, land use change due to a predicted increase of major investors, will have additional impact on the de-facto water rights. We conclude that a solid study not only on the physical but also on the institutional relations of agriculture to natural resources is important to come to reliable predictions of structural change in agriculture. We also show that structural change in agriculture may have wider implications for rural society that go beyond the agricultural sector.

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Small-Scale Sugar Cane Farming in Barbados

Ethnology ◽

10.2307/3772772 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 264 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jerome S. Handler

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Small Scale

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Resource scarcity drives lethal aggression among prehistoric hunter-gatherers in central California

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1607996113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (43) ◽

pp. 12120-12125 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Mark W. Allen ◽

Robert Lawrence Bettinger ◽

Brian F. Codding ◽

Terry L. Jones ◽

Al W. Schwitalla

Keyword(s):

Net Primary Productivity ◽

Close Contact ◽

Resource Scarcity ◽

Small Scale ◽

Sociopolitical Complexity ◽

Sociopolitical Organization ◽

Central California ◽

Political Complexity ◽

Sharp Force ◽

Lethal Aggression

The origin of human violence and warfare is controversial, and some scholars contend that intergroup conflict was rare until the emergence of sedentary foraging and complex sociopolitical organization, whereas others assert that violence was common and of considerable antiquity among small-scale societies. Here we consider two alternative explanations for the evolution of human violence: (i) individuals resort to violence when benefits outweigh potential costs, which is likely in resource poor environments, or (ii) participation in violence increases when there is coercion from leaders in complex societies leading to group level benefits. To test these hypotheses, we evaluate the relative importance of resource scarcity vs. sociopolitical complexity by evaluating spatial variation in three macro datasets from central California: (i) an extensive bioarchaeological record dating from 1,530 to 230 cal BP recording rates of blunt and sharp force skeletal trauma on thousands of burials, (ii) quantitative scores of sociopolitical complexity recorded ethnographically, and (iii) mean net primary productivity (NPP) from a remotely sensed global dataset. Results reveal that sharp force trauma, the most common form of violence in the record, is better predicted by resource scarcity than relative sociopolitical complexity. Blunt force cranial trauma shows no correlation with NPP or political complexity and may reflect a different form of close contact violence. This study provides no support for the position that violence originated with the development of more complex hunter-gatherer adaptations in the fairly recent past. Instead, findings show that individuals are prone to violence in times and places of resource scarcity.

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An open system for farming black soldier fly larvae as a source of proteins for smallscale poultry and fish production

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2016.0030 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 51-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E.M. Nyakeri ◽

H.J. Ogola ◽

M.A. Ayieko ◽

F.A. Amimo

Keyword(s):

Open System ◽

Production Costs ◽

Protein Source ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Small Scale ◽

Smallholder Farming ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Animal Feeds ◽

Study Results

The utilisation of insect as ingredients for animal feeds has gained considerable interest recently. For example, the potential of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) larvae as a cheap alternative protein source for animal feeds seems to show promising perspectives, especially for poultry and aquaculture feeds. In the present study, we sought to establish the wild availability of BSF in Bondo area of Western Kenya, and to develop appropriate methods for larvae farming for utilisation in smallholder farming systems using organic waste substrates. Using an open system involving a larvae feeding structure, study results showed that BSF is native to the study area with higher production observed on substrates of plant origin compared to those of animal origin. Proximate, mineral and vitamin analysis showed that wild BSF larvae contained: 40% crude protein, 33% crude fat, 15% ash, 12% crude fibre, 0.56% manganese, 3.07% sodium, 0.57% iron, 2.27% potassium, 0.24 mg/100 g thiamin, 2.2 mg/100 g riboflavin and 1.3 mg/100 g vitamin E. This nutritional profile of the wild BSF larvae indicates its potential to serve as a cheap and sustainable substitute protein source. We therefore recommend small-scale poultry and fish farmers to adopt the identified methods for its cultivation as a way of lowering production costs and also contributing to environmental hygiene and sanitation.

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A Method for the Rearing of Egg Parasites of the Sugar-cane Moth-borers

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300028807 ◽

1928 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

L. D. Cleare

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Small Scale ◽

Trichogramma Minutum

In 1921, when engaged on work on the small moth-borers of sugar-cane (Diatraea spp.), the writer devised the method and apparatus for the rearing of the egg-parasites (Trichogramma minutum, Riley, and Prophanurus alecto, Cwfd.) of these insects which is described hereafter. It was proposed at the time to investigate further this method of control of small moth-borers, but owing to the change in the writer's position it has not been possible since to do any extensive work in this direction. As the rearing of Trichogramma by this method has been practised since 1921 on a small scale on the two estates on which it was initiated, and has now been adopted in a modified form on two other sugar estates in the Colony, it has been considered desirable to give an account of the method and a description of the appliances used in the rearing of these egg-parasites.

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