Provision of land resources for the sustainable sengon raw material industry in Bedadung Jember Watershed

Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) is a mainstay commodity as an industrial raw material, so it has high economic value. The domino effect that appears is the increase in the area of ​​​​sengon land and causes changes in land use. Land conversion will be vulnerable to erosion and increase the level of erosion hazards. Inappropriate land changes will also threaten the sustainability of the agroindustry, therefore it is necessary to evaluate the suitability of the sengon plant land. This study aims to identify the suitability of sengon land in the Bedadung watershed for sustainable agro-industry development. The analyzed parameters are 14 and the method used is matching and overlay. The results of land suitability analysis on dominant sengon plants were categorized as S3 "marginally appropriate" (48.07%). The limiting factor for sengon plants is rainfall as a source of water and soil solum. Efforts to increase the rainfall factor are to build reservoirs or dams, but these improvements require a lot of money and time. Meanwhile, efforts to improve soil solum are difficult because it takes a long time. Thus, the sengon commodity in Jember Regency will experience sustainability problems if the limiting factor is not found a solution.

Wettability and Treatability of Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielsen) wood from NTB

The supply of wood from natural forests is decreasing as a result of the imbalance between harvesting and planting. The lack of wood supply from natural forests has resulted in relatively expensive wood prices. This can be anticipated by using fast-growing wood species. One type of fast-growing wood which is very abundantly available in NTB is sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielsen). However, sengon wood has low durability so it is easily attacked by wood-destroying organisms. This condition can be overcome by making efforts to prevent wood damage in the form of preservation. This study aims to determine the wettability and treatability properties of sengon wood. The results of this study are expected to be basic information to improve the quality of sengon wood. The wettability test was carried out by measuring the contact angle between the liquid and the sample surface using the sessile drop method and the wood durability testing was carried out by measuring the retention and penetration of preservatives. The treatability test was carried out by measuring the absorption, retention, and penetration of preservatives. The results showed that the wettability of sengon is high with an equilibrium contact angle (θe) of 16.88 in the radial section and 12.51 in the tangential section. This shows that sengon wood has a good adhesion system for preservation. Treatability of sengon wood showed that the average retention and penetration are 10,21 kg/m3 and 7,33 mm. Based on the results of these measurements, sengon wood has met SNI 03-5010.1-1999 (wood preservation for housing and buildings).

The influence of fast-growing species composition on natural regeneration of coal mine reclamation

Natural regeneration on mine reclamation can be an indicator of reclamation success. Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman, Senna siamea, and Paraserianthes falcataria are mostly planted fast-growing species at the beginning of reclamation. Those species bind and enrich nitrogen to improve the natural regeneration of ex-mined land. This research aims to determine fast-growing species and the growth rate of natural regeneration development in the ex-mined site. The research was conducted in mine reclamation areas with different ages: 1 (125.14 ha), 4 (323.76 ha), 6 (199.44 ha), 9 (285.18 ha), and 11-year-old plantation (75.39 ha). The statistical analysis of Multivariate Analysis showed that biological species were mostly grouped with P. falcataria than E. cyclocarpum and S. siamea in the 11-year-old plantation area as well as in the 9-year-old plantation area. Most natural species were grouped with C. cyclocarpum rather than S. saman and S. siamea in a 6-year-old plantation area. In contrast, the biological species had no groups with E. cyclocarpum and S. siamea as fast-growing species in the 1-year-old plantation area. Generally, the most dominant planted fast-growing species were E. cyclocarpum (with the mean total number ± standard deviation, (35 ± 17.1)) and P. falcataria (28 ± 8.3). The number of natural regeneration species and individuals in areas dominated by P. falcataria (5 ± 1.7 and 25 ± 10.5) was greater than in areas with predominance of E. cyclocarpum (4 ± 2.6 and 11 ± 4.8). Thus, species selection is necessary to increase natural regeneration. However, further research is required to measure the tolerability of fast-growing species on other natural regeneration species.

Mycorrhiza stimulates Rhizobium infection in Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielson under Hg contamination

Symbiosis of and AMF increase soybean production, but the information on the association between these microbes in Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielson or ‘sengon’ under Hg contamination is limited. We observed P. falcataria inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus sp.) stimulate nodule formation under Hg contamination. The study was set up in a pot experiment in the growth chamber a the Hg concentration was adjusted to 50 ppm in soil medium. Inoculation of AMF stimulates nodule formation and increases P. falcataria tolerance to Hg. We isolated several bacteria from the rhizosphere belonging to Rhizobium group and others. Understanding the ecology of soil bacteria is important for Hg bioremediation using P. falcataria.

The effect of temperature and H2SO4 concentration and soaking time on breaking dormancy of sengon seed (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes)

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) is a Leguminoceae plant that is useful as material for making panel wood, furniture wood and trees that can rehabilitate critical land. Sengon seeds experience a period of dormancy and need to be managed. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of temperature 600C and 50% H2SO4 concentration and soaking time on sengon seed germination. A complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors were used as research design. The first factor was the air temperature treatment of kontrol (A1), 60o C (A2), 50% H2SO4 (A3) and which consisted of 3 levels of treatment. The second factor was soaking time (T); T1: 35 minutes, T2: 8 hours. The results showed that the best combination of treatment and immersion time for all germination parameters of sengon seed is soaking seed at 60o C water for 8 hours Key words: Temperature water, H2SO4, Paraserianthes falcataria, germination

Influence of understorey diversity on wildlife at the coal mining reclamation area in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Nugroho Y, Supandi, Suyanto, Matatula J, Wirabuana PYAP. 2021. Influence of understorey diversity on wildlife at the coal mining reclamation area in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3736-3743. The existence of understorey at the coal mining reclamation area provides an important contribution to improve the environmental quality, especially the wildlife presence. Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of understorey diversity on the wildlife at the coal mining reclamation area managed by the PT Borneo Indobara, South Kalimantan. This study used an ecological survey conducted in three reclamation areas classified based on the dominant species supporting the process, namely Paraserianthes falcataria (L-1), Anthocephalus cadamba (L-2), and a mixture of both species (L-3). The data were collected in two observation periods, namely August 2019 and August 2020. The results showed that at the first observation, ten families of understorey were observed from the survey and the highest diversity was recorded in L-2 (H'=1.71), followed by L-1 (H'=1.54), and L-3 (H'=1.27). Meanwhile, the wildlife in the first periods was only 6 species consisting of 3 birds, 2 reptiles, and 1 mammal. The number of species from every site was relatively equal at the first observation. In the second observation, the diversity of understorey considerably increased with approximately 22 families from the inventory. The highest understorey diversity in this observation was recorded in L-1 (H'=3.30), L-2 (H'=3.05), and L-3 (H'=3.04). Also, the higher understorey diversity was followed by the higher wildlife with 29 species, which consists of 26 birds, 2 reptiles, and 1 mammal. The highest appearance of bird species was in the L-1 with approximately 19 species, while the number of birds in L-2 and L-3 was relatively similar with approximately 15 species. Based on these results, the understorey diversity significantly contributes to improving the wildlife diversity at the coal mining reclamation area, primarily from the bird species.

Competition in a Mixed-Species Planting With Four Contrasting Species

Background: Mixed-species systems are well-suited to smallholder and community forestry, but reliable evidence regarding and procedures to assess species performance in such systems is scarce. This study concern a field trial with a pair of clinal plots varying spacing and species composition that offered insights into competition between four species proposed for mixed-species plantings by smallholders for landscape rehabilitation in the Philippines. Results: Use of a size-distance competition index allowed an assessment of the competitive and collaborative influences between four tree species. Within the expected general trend for growth to decline with increasing competition, there were indications that Shorea palosapis is a benign competitor that may stimulate the growth of neighbouring individuals. Paraserianthes falcataria is a strong competitor that is also strongly impacted by competition, especially through antagonistic intraspecific competition. Paraserianthes falcataria appears well suited as a solitary tree in a field or village, whereas Shorea palosapis seems ideal for plantations, in both monoculture and mixed plantings. Conclusion: Pterocarpus indicus exbibits strong intraspecific, but low inter-specific competition, so appears well-suited for polyculture plantings. Of the four species, Swietenia macrophylla appears to be best-suited as a monoculture species as it exhibits the lowest intraspecific competition.

Ethnobotanical And Bioeconomy Study Of Kedung Pedut Vegetation By Javanese Community In Kulon Progo Yogyakarta

Kedung Pedut is a natural waterfall located in Menoreh Highland, Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia at altitude of 529 masl. Kedung Pedut has special natural vegetation characteristics, but since 2015 tourism developments was changing the composition of vegetation in this area. This makes the ethnobotany and biobased economy study are important. Therefore, this study aims to determine the abundance and utilization of vegetation in Kedung Pedut area by Javanese community in Kulon Progo and potential utilization of various vegetation in the future. The study was carried out by grid lines method and interview. Location of vegetation sampling was along the banks of river. Identification of vegetation was carried out on tree growthform. Data analysis was done by literature studies. The results of study identified 25 species of standing vegetation in Kedung Pedut. Tree vegetation with the greatest abundance are Swietenia mahagoni (4048.05 ind/ha), Paraserianthes falcataria (1700.18 ind/ha), Cocos nucifera (1484.29 ind/ha), Bambusa blumeana (782.62 ind/ha), and Tectona grandis (701.66 ind/ha). Potential utilization of vegetation in Kedung Pedut area by Javanese community in Kulon Progo based on the development of technology and science are for medicines, agroforestry, food and beverage industry, natural dyes, furniture industry, germplasm conservation, and conservation of environment