The biting habits of Aedes (Skusea) pembaensis Theo. and some other mosquitos of Faza, Pate Island, East Africa

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. C. van Someren ◽  
M. Furlong
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moon Phase ◽  
Moon Phases ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Biting Behaviour ◽  
Made In

Descriptions are given of 24-hour biting catches, made in and around Faza, a village on Pate Island, off the north-east coast of Kenya, East Africa.Aedes pembaensis Theo. was the predominant mosquito in these catches but fair numbers of Aedes mombasaensis Mattingly were also taken; the biting cycles of these two are discussed. Six other species were taken in small numbers.For Ae. pembaensis, biting cycles calculated on catches grouped for site, moon phases, neap tides and spring tides show that both moon and tide and light intensity influence the biting behaviour. Different but recurring patterns occur with various combinations of these factors.For Ae. mombasaensis, the cycles have a very constant biphasic pattern. Catches grouped for moon phases, tides and catch sites, as for Ae. pembaensis, show that more biting females are taken at neap tides than at spring tides. Two patterns of behaviour occur, one associated with spring tides and the other with neap tides. An even level of biting activity occurs during the night with intense and prolonged moonlight; otherwise moon-phase cycles have little effect on biting behaviour.It is felt that 24-hour biting catches can give useful information on behaviour patterns but it is desirable to have a long series of catches to analyse. For the purpose of calculating biting cycles, the results of catches showing similar modifications in behaviour should be treated separately.

scholarly journals Intra-Specific Venom Variation in the Australian Coastal Taipan Oxyuranus scutellatus

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Tasoulis ◽  
Anjana Silva ◽  
Punnam Chander Veerati ◽  
Mark Baker ◽  
Wayne C. Hodgson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Two Populations

Intra-specific venom variation has the potential to provide important insights into the evolution of snake venom, but remains a relatively neglected aspect of snake venom studies. We investigated the venom from 13 individual coastal taipans Oxyuranus scutellatus from four localities on the north-east coast of Australia, spanning a distance of 2000 km. The intra-specific variation in taipan venom was considerably less than the inter-specific variation between it and the other Australian elapids to which it was compared. The electrophoretic venom profile of O. scutellatus was visually different to six other genera of Australian elapids, but not to its congener inland taipan O. microlepidotus. There was minimal geographical variation in taipan venom, as the intra-population variation exceeded the inter-population variation for enzymatic activity, procoagulant activity, and the abundance of neurotoxins. The pre-synaptic neurotoxin (taipoxin) was more abundant than the post-synaptic neurotoxins (3FTx), with a median of 11.0% (interquartile range (IQR): 9.7% to 18.3%; range: 6.7% to 23.6%) vs. a median of 3.4% (IQR: 0.4% to 6.7%; range: 0% to 8.1%). Three taipan individuals almost completely lacked post-synaptic neurotoxins, which was not associated with geography and occurred within two populations. We found no evidence of sexual dimorphism in taipan venom. Our study provides a basis for evaluating the significance of intra-specific venom variation within a phylogenetic context by comparing it to the inter-specific and inter-generic variation. The considerable intra-population variation we observed supports the use of several unpooled individuals from each population when making inter-specific comparisons.

IV.—Pebble Ridges

1876 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 360-361
Author(s):  
T. Mellard Reade
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Limestone Quarries ◽  
East End ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Being Moved

As a contribution to our knowledge of the formation of these very interesting “natural embankments of the sea,” I may point to a little bay in Anglesea, immediately westward of the Bryn Ddu Limestone quarries on the north-east coast of Anglesea, about two miles and a half westward of Puffin Island. This little bay is not more than about a furlong across, and may be roughly described as semicircular in form, lying nearly due west to east from point to point. From being in miniature as it were, the ridge can be readily studied, and it is very striking to see how, commencing in the westward as a beach, it gradually rises into a ridge having very steep sides. No less remarkable is the way in which the stones increase in size as the ridge does in height. At the west end it may be described as composed of Limestone pebbles, with here and there a boulder, while at the east end it is built up almost entirely of large limestone boulders and blocks, many containing from one to two cubic feet and some more. Intermixed there are boulders from the size of the closed hand and upwards. The larger blocks are sub-angular and rounded, and no doubt get gradually worn down smaller and rounder, until they become “boulders.” by being moved about, by the sea; but some on the other hand, being thrown over on to the back of the bank, cannot be further affected by the waves. In this ridge, as I have pointed out is the case with the Chesil Bank, the stones follow the law of the bank itself, the largest being collected to form the highest part of the bank, which in both occurs where the wave-action is most intense.

IV. Sovereignty Over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia V Malaysia), Merits, Judgment of 17 December

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-802
Author(s):  
Malcom D Evans ◽  
JG Merrills
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Scuba Diving ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
International Court

On 17 December 2002 the International Court gave its judgment in a dispute over two small islands in the Celebes Sea claimed by both Indonesia and Malaysia. The islands in question, Ligitan and Sipadan, are located off the north-east coast of Borneo and lie approximately 15.5 nautical miles apart. Both are very small and Ligitan is uninhabited; Sipadan, on the other hand, was developed by Malaysia into a tourist resort for scuba diving in the 1980s. In 1998 Indonesia and Malaysia referred the dispute to the Court by means of a Special Agreement, asking for a decision ‘on the basis of the treaties, agreements and any other evidence furnished by the Parties’ on whether sovereignty over the islands belonged to Indonesia or to Malaysia.

An interesting occurrence of lawsonite in glaucophane-bearing rocks from New Caledonia

1937 ◽  
Vol 24 (157) ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germaine A. Joplin
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Glaucophane Schist ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Plutonic Rocks

The writer has recently described a small collection of glaucophane- schists from the Diahot valley and the north-east coast of New Caledonia (Jensen, 1936), and four of these contain lawsonite.Lacroix (1897) has recorded lawsonite from New Caledonia, but the occurrence seems worthy of further mention as in two cases the lawsonite is found to be pseudomorphing plagioclase in doleritic rocks which show a relict ophitic fabric. So far as the writer is aware, such an occurrence of lawsonite pseudomorpbing felspar has not been recorded, though Lacroix figures a glaucophane-schist from Corsica which suggests this structure. The other two lawsonitebearing rocks from New Caledonia seem to have been coarse-grained plutonic rocks and probably never had an ophitic fabric.

Passage-grave art in the Boyne Valley

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 354-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire O'Kelly
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Megalithic Tombs

The art in question is found on the structural slabs of a group of megalithic tombs in the valley of the Boyne in Ireland. The tombs are all passage-graves and are characteristically situated on the highest local ground and grouped in a ‘cemetery’. The Boyne cemetery is about 15 km from the east coast and about 50 km by road north of Dublin. In an area approximately 4 × 4 km are situated the three large tumuli of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, as well as over 40 other monuments, more than half of which are passage-graves (fig. 1).The three large mounds are only a few kilometres apart; in fact, from any one of them the other two can be seen since all are in commanding situations. They are similar as regards size and appearance, that is to say, each consists of a mound of stones, or stones, earth, etc., circular in plan and flat-topped, about 85 m in diameter at the base and 12 to 15 m in height. The base of each is surrounded by a continuous kerb of large slabs, 97 at Newgrange, an estimated 110 at Dowth, and an estimated 120 at Knowth. Newgrange is the central tumulus, Dowth is to the north-east, and Knowth to the north-west.

A Double-ended Rostro-Carinate Flint Implement

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-78
Author(s):  
J. Reid Moir
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Running Water ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
East And West

The object of this paper is to describe and to figure accurately a remarkable double-ended rostro-carinate flint implement found by me during this year (1929) upon the north-east coast of Norfolk. The discovery was made upon the foreshore about mid-way between East and West Run ton, where at low water there are exposed considerable areas of the Basement Bed, resting upon the chalk, and referable to either the lowermost division of the Cromer Forest Bed or to the Stone Bed beneath the Norwich Crag. The implement was not found in situ in the Basement Bed, but was lying, with other stones, close to an exposure of this deposit. Apart, also, from this association, the specimen contains, in some of its interstices, portions of the highly ferruginous sand of the Basement Bed, while its colour and condition make it clear to those who are familiar with the stones in this deposit, that the implement at one time—and that recently—formed a part of it. The implement exhibits a typical mottled colouration consisting of areas of black, tawny brown and chocolate brown, while its ridges and outstanding portions show in most cases a rounded and somewhat broken-down appearance, which may be due to attrition by water-rolling, but which I am inclined to regard, as I have stated elsewhere, is to be accounted for by the action of some solvent present in the Basement Bed. The specimen exhibits but few incipient cones of percussion upon its flaked surfaces (which show a well-marked glaze), and cannot, therefore, have been subjected to collisions with other stones set in movement by running water. On the other hand a certain number of striae are to be observed upon the flake-scars of the implement, and these scratches not only, as it appears, cut into the patinated surfaces, but are in a weathered-out condition, thus showing that the flint was first patinated, then striated, and afterwards exposed to atmospheric effects.

II.—Further Notes on the Petrography of South Georgia

1916 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
New Material ◽  
Rock Specimens

The new material on which this paper is based has lately been received through Mr. D. Ferguson, who recently investigated the geology of the island, and collected the rocks described in an earlier paper. It consists of twenty-seven rock specimens from the south-eastern end of the island, between Cape Disappointment and Cooper Island, and nine specimens from Gold Harbour on the north-east coast between Cooper Island and Royal Bay. All these were collected by the staff of the South Georgia Co., Ltd., under the instructions of Mr. Th. E. Salvesen, managing director, of Leith.

The mineralogical composition of some Scottish soils

1925 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hendrick ◽  
George Newlands
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
East West ◽  
Made In

1. Previous investigations showed that certain Scottish soils were of glacial drift origin, that they were comparatively rich in unweathered silicates and therefore in reserves of plant-food, that they showed considerable variation in such silicates and were capable of classification accordingly. Some indication was also shown that the glacial drift, and hence the resulting soil, was sometimes of local origin, its character being determined by the underlying rock. In the present investigation a more extensive survey of Scottish soils has been made in order to discover to what extent these preliminary findings might be applicable generally.2. For this purpose soils have been collected from various localities in the north, north-east, west and south of Scotland, and have been analysed mechanically and the “fine sand” fraction examined mineralogically.

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