Changes in the recovery of insects in pitfall traps associated with the age of cow dung bait fresh or frozen at the time of placement

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
G.A. Bezanson ◽  
C.D. Dovell ◽  
K.D. Floate
Keyword(s):  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Trap Experiment

Abstract Pitfall traps baited with cattle dung are commonly used to characterize local assemblages of coprophilous insects. Baits can be made fresh or be prepared in advance and kept frozen until needed. Insect recoveries are expected to decline with the age of the bait and may be affected by the use of fresh vs. frozen baits. To assess the effect of these two factors on insect recoveries, we performed a pitfall trap experiment that was repeated in four trials spanning 2 years and two locations in southern Alberta, Canada. The experimental design allowed us to minimize the potential confounding effect of short-term weather events. For results combined across trials, baits aged >3 days were largely ineffective for attracting coprophilous species. Frozen baits attracted significantly more insects than did fresh dung for the first 3 days after placement in the field with no difference thereafter. Our findings suggest that insect recoveries in dung-baited pitfall traps can be maximized with the use of frozen baits with replacement every 3–4 days.

scholarly journals Tebang Pilih Mengubah Keanekaragaman Semut Tanah Hutan di Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258
Author(s):  
Ahmad Budiaman ◽  
Noor Farikhah Haneda ◽  
Laela Nurahma
Keyword(s):  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Sample Plot ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Selective Cutting ◽  
Seed Disperser ◽  
Evenness Index ◽  
Cutting Intensity ◽  
Insect Sampling

  This study assesses the short-term effects of selective cutting on the diversity of ground ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the secondary rainforest. Ground ants were collected using a pitfall trap in a circular sample plot of 0.5 ha. A total of nine sample plots were randomly placed in a 98-ha cutting compartment. Fifteen pitfall traps were planted in each circular plot.  A total of 135 pitfall traps were established in the cutting compartment. The average cutting intensity of 8 trees/haas applied in the cutting compartment. Insect sampling and measurement of environmental factors were carried before cutting and two days after cutting. In this study, the abundance, diversity, species richness, and evenness index of ground ants before cutting compared to after cutting. The results of this study indicated that the short-term impact of selective cutting on ground ants was varied. Selective cutting may increase or decrease the abundance and morphospecies composition of ground ants. The abundance of forager and ground-dwelling omnivores increased after selective cutting, whereas for the predator, scavenger, and seed disperser ants were decreased after selective cutting. Keywords: biodiversity, forest conservation, ground ant, selective cutting

Sinking Particle Flux in the Subtropical Oligotrophic Northwestern Pacific from a Short-term Sediment Trap Experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Jeek Kim ◽  
Jonguk Kim ◽  
Dongseon Kim ◽  
Michael T. Chandler ◽  
Seung Kyu Son
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Trap ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trap Experiment

scholarly journals Age, but not short-term intensive swimming, affects chondrocyte turnover in zebrafish vertebral cartilage

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan-Liang Jian ◽  
Wei-Chun HuangFu ◽  
Yen-Hua Lee ◽  
I-Hsuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cartilage Homeostasis ◽  
Intensive Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Brdu Labeling

Both age and intensive exercise are generally considered critical risk factors for osteoarthritis. In this work, we intend to establish zebrafish models to assess the role of these two factors on cartilage homeostasis. We designed a swimming device for zebrafish intensive exercise. The body measurements, bone mineral density (BMD) and the histology of spinal cartilages of 4- and 12-month-old zebrafish, as well the 12-month-old zebrafish before and after a 2-week exercise were compared. Our results indicate that both age and exercise affect the body length and body weight, and the micro-computed tomography reveals that both age and exercise affect the spinal BMD. However, quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry and histochemistry indicate that short-term intensive exercise does not affect the extracellular matrix (ECM) of spinal cartilage. On the other hand, the cartilage ECM significantly grew from 4 to 12 months of age with an increase in total chondrocytes. dUTP nick end labeling staining shows that the percentages of apoptotic cells significantly increase as the zebrafish grows, whereas the BrdU labeling shows that proliferative cells dramatically decrease from 4 to 12 months of age. A 30-day chase of BrdU labeling shows some retention of labeling in cells in 4-month-old spinal cartilage but not in cartilage from 12-month-old zebrafish. Taken together, our results suggest that zebrafish chondrocytes are actively turned over, and indicate that aging is a critical factor that alters cartilage homeostasis. Zebrafish vertebral cartilage may serve as a good model to study the maturation and homeostasis of articular cartilage.

Effect of pitfall trap depth on epigaeic beetle sampling (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae) in wet forested ecosites in Alberta, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-820
Author(s):  
H.E. James Hammond ◽  
David W. Langor ◽  
Dustin J. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Trap Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Deep Traps

AbstractThe depth at which pitfall traps were sunk into the ground and the resulting catches of epigaeic Carabidae (Coleoptera) and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) assemblages in subhygric to hydric ecosites with very deep organic soil layers was investigated in the upper foothills ecoregion of Alberta, Canada. Traps were installed at seven sites, with six surface traps (the pitfall trap lip <5 cm below soil surface) and six deep traps (the pitfall trap lip >20 cm below soil surface) at each site. A total of 5289 beetles representing 75 taxa were collected. There were no significant effects of trap depth on catch. Rarefaction estimates of species diversity were higher in surface pitfall traps for both taxa. The similarity of pooled catches between deep and surface traps was on average 75%, suggesting that both trap types were collecting similar faunas. We found no advantage to using deep pitfall traps in addition to surface traps to sample the epigaeic fauna of wet forest stands and peatlands.

scholarly journals Conformity of Vertical Public Housing's Performance With Resilience Agenda in Bandung Metropolitan Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Allis Nurdini ◽  
Nur Fitra Hadianto
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Performance Benchmarking ◽  
Post Occupancy Evaluation ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Survey Instruments ◽  
Design Type ◽  
Existing Housing

The ideas of resilient housing have been rapidly developed for better future quality improvement. On the other side, resilience is a critical framework, which is not only for housing in the future but also for those that have been built and already inhabited. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study that can identify the compatibility of existing housing performance with the framework of resilience. Five vertical housing in Bandung were selected as case studies. These five housing are vertical public-housing prototype from national government that have been used in many cities for low income people. Post occupancy evaluation was used to assess the performance. Benchmarking and occupant survey instruments were combined in this study. The performance measurement results were then compared with critical resilient framework for housing to support community livelihood, reduce the vulnerability of resident to environmental risk and stresses, enhance personal security, and empower communities. It is concluded that the resilience of existing vertical public housing is differentiated according to the corridor design type and the occupant behavior to adapt the design. These two factors are closely linked to the achievement of resilient housing framework and are key inputs for short-term improvements in the vertical public housing that have been built.

scholarly journals Capital Structure and Firms’ Performance: Evidence from Vietnam’s Stock Exchange

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Nguyen ◽  
Huy-Cuong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Debt Maturity ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

<p>Our paper examines what impact capital structure has on firms’ performance in selected firms listed on HCMC Stock Exchange. The data is collected from 147 listed companies during the period from 2006 to 2014. The study not only checks the impact the level of leverage has on firms’ performance, which is found to be negative in this study, but it also uses the short-term and long-term debt ratios to see the effect of debt maturity. However, there is no difference whether it is short-term or long-term. Tangibility is found to be negative with a very high proportion on average. With the suggestion that companies might invest too much in fixed assets and there is a lack of efficiency, this could be the alert for firms to improve their management process. Size and growth are found to be positive, since larger firms have lower costs of bankruptcy and higher growth rates associate with higher performance. Moreover, the study also adds the effects of industry and macroeconomics, and the result shows a correlation between the two factors and firms’ performance.</p>

scholarly journals Improved Liquid Water Equivalent Nowcasting Using the Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making System

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Ruzanski ◽  
V. Chandrasekar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radar Tracking ◽  
Adaptive Radar ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Average Improvement ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Surface Observations

Abstract Short-term automated forecasts (nowcasts) of liquid water equivalent (LWE) values can be used to assist aviation deicing decision-making activities. Such decisions can mitigate hazards that cause losses of life and property and increase costs because of travel delays. The Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making (WSDDM) system provides LWE nowcasts and is currently deployed at several major airports in the United States. WSDDM produces these nowcasts in two steps. First, an equation relating radar reflectivity to LWE rate is calibrated by correlating radar and surface observations. Then, nowcasts of reflectivity are converted to nowcasts of LWE using this calibrated equation. This paper shows that the incorporation of the Dynamic and Adaptive Radar Tracking of Storms (DARTS) radar–based nowcasting method into WSDDM can provide more accurate and efficient nowcasts of LWE relative to the correlation-based nowcasting method currently used. Results of an evaluation considering approximately 92 h of data collected during four winter weather events show the incorporation of DARTS into WSDDM provides an approximate 14% average improvement in the accuracy of 60-min LWE nowcasts and reduces runtime by two orders of magnitude.

Avermectin residues in sheep and cattle dung and their effects on dung-beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) colonization and dung burial

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Wardhaugh ◽  
R. J. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae

AbstractData from dung-baited pitfall traps show that dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) do not discriminate against dung from sheep or cattle treated with avermectin. On the contrary, for a period post-treatment, dung from animals treated with avermectin attracted more beetles than dung from untreated animals. This effect was more marked with cattle dung than with sheep dung. The period of enhanced attractiveness of sheep dung was restricted to dung produced during the first day after treatment, whereas with cattle dung, the effect was still evident in faeces produced 25 days after treatment. Cattle dung produced from 3–25 days post-treatment caused 100% mortality in newly hatched larvae of the bushfly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera:Muscidae). In dung of day 35, mortality was 93.6%. Dung collected from sheep from 1–6 days after treatment also caused 100% mortality of fly larvae, but by day 28, no toxic effects were detectable. Field observations on the colonization of cattle pats confirmed the enhanced attractiveness of dung from treated animals and suggested that departure rates from treated dung were lower than those from untreated dung. Treated pats supported higher beetle populations than untreated pats and burial was more rapid. The potentially serious implications of the enhanced attractiveness of avermectincontaminated dung are discussed in relation to the survival of dung beetle communities.

A comparison of two types of trap for sampling dung beetle populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard M. Doube ◽  
Paul S. Giller
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immigration And Emigration ◽  
Rank Abundance

AbstractThe effectiveness of pitfall traps baited with cattle dung enclosed in a gauze bag and pads of cattle dung on soil as methods for sampling dung beetle populations was assessed in the summer-rainfall regions of South Africa using 17 species of nocturnal/crepuscular tunnelling beetles. Pitfall traps accumulated the catch and prevented both access to and emigration from the dung bait. In contrast, beetles had direct access to dung pads on soil which allowed colonists to modify the bait and to emigrate. The number of beetles collected was therefore the net result of immigration and emigration. On each of five occasions in November–December 1985, 40 pitfall traps and 40 dung pads were set out in the evening and the trapped beetles recovered the following morning. Overall, 3774 individuals were trapped. For most species there was no significant difference between trap types in the numbers caught but two species were significantly more numerous in pitfall traps and one species was more numerous in the dung pads. However, both methods produced similar patterns of rank abundance of species (r=0.95). There was no evidence that beetles were more evenly distributed between dung pad baits than between pitfall traps.

scholarly journals Effect of feed slurry dilution and total solids on specific biogas production by anaerobic digestion in batch and semi-batch reactors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautham P. Jeppu ◽  
Jayalal Janardhan ◽  
Shivakumara Kaup ◽  
Anish Janardhanan ◽  
Shakeib Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Substrate Inhibition ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Dilution Ratio ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
State Process ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractBiomass from various sources such as cow dung is a significant source of renewable energy (as biogas) in many regions globally, especially in India, Africa, Brazil, and China. However, biogas production from biomass such as cattle dung is a slow, inefficient biochemical process, and the specific biogas produced per kg of biomass is relatively small. The improvement of specific biogas production efficiency using various dilution ratios (and, hence, total solids [TS]) is investigated in this work. A wide range of feed dilution (FD) ratios of cow dung: water (CD: W) was tested in batch biogas digesters with total solids ranging from 1% to 12.5% and FD ratio ranging from 2:1 to 1:20. To further verify the results from the above batch experiments, semi-batch experiments representative of field-scale biodigesters were conducted. Semi-batch reactors have a steady-state process, unlike batch reactors, which have an unsteady state process. Our results suggested that specific biogas production (mL/g VS) increased continuously when the total solids decreased from 12.5% to 1% (or when dilution increased). Our experiments also indicate that the commonly used 1:1 feed dilution ratio (TS ~ 10% for cow dung) does not produce the maximum specific biogas production. The possible reason for this could be that anaerobic digestion at higher total solids is rate limited due to substrate inhibition, mass transfer limitations, and viscous mixing problems that arise at higher total solids concentration. Hence, a higher feed dilution ratio between 1:2 and 1:4 (TS between 4 and 6.7%) is recommended for a more efficient biomass utilization of cowdung. Empirical relationships were also developed for variation of specific biogas yield with the total solids content of the cow dung slurry. Graphic abstract

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