Biodiversity And Arthropod Abundance In Organic Semi Rice In Swamp Lowland in Palangka Raya City

Palangka Raya has the potential for swamp lowland to be used for rice farming. For this purpose, knowledge of arthropod biodiversity is required. The study aims to determine the biodiversity and abundance of arthropods and arthropods dominant in semi-organic rice plantations in swamp lowlands. The study was conducted from September to November 2019 in Palangka Raya City. The study was carried out on 1.148m2 farmer's paddy fields. The land is divided into three trial plots, each measuring 28x13 m2. Observations were made at the age of 8-15 WAP. Samples were taken using a net trap (Sweep net). Arthropod biodiversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H'). The results showed that in the semi-organic rice ecosystem were obtained 10 orders, 58 families with a total of 8973 individuals, consisting of pests 92.61%, predators 6.59%, parasitoids 0.28%, pollinators 0.06%, Detrivore 0.35%, and 0.07% neutral insects. Diversity index (H') is low to moderate (0.10-2.19), dominance index (C) is in the low to high (0.18-0.97); Evenness index shows that the community is depressed until unstable (0.04-0.67); and The abundance index on the criteria of less to very much (8.96-25.03). The dominant arthropods are dominated by the Rice bug (Leptocorisa acuta).

Structure and Distribution of Macrobenthos Community in Code River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This research aimed to explore the community structure of macrobenthos in Code River, Yogyakarta. This research was conducted during December 2019-January 2020 in Code River, Yogyakarta. Data was taken 4 times in 6 stations. Macrobenthos was taken using a Surber net with a size of 30 x 30 cm and sampling at 5 spots in each station. Data analysis consisted of density, diversity index, dominance index, and evenness index. Water quality data consisted of water temperature, flow velocity, water depth, water pH, dissolved oxygen, and organic matter. The results showed that the density of macrobenthos ranged from 54-172 ind/m2. Our results showed that Code River has moderate diversity based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Sulcospira testudinaria is the most dominant species in Code River. The evenness index showed high except at station 2 which was categorized as moderate. Code River has pretty good water quality, but stations 3, 4, and 5 which are located in the city area, it has a high organic matter content.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JAMUR MAKROSKOPIS DI KAWASAN AIR TERJUN CURUG EMBUN KOTA LUBUKLINGGAU

This study aims to determine the types, diversity index, species evenness index, dominance index, and relative density of macroscopic fungi in the Waterfall area of ​​Curug Embun, Marga Bakti Village, North Lubuklinggau District I. This research is quantitative descriptive. Data collection techniques in this study using the roaming method with sampling using purposive sampling technique. The results of the analysis of the macroscopic fungal diversity index in the Curug Embun Waterfall area were 1.3530, the species evenness index was 0.4516, the dominance index was 0.4776 and the highest relative density was 68.027%. There are 3 edible species and 17 non-edible mushrooms. 17 species of macroscopic mushrooms in the Waterfall area of ​​Curug Embun were found. The diversity index, dominance, and Simpson index are in the medium category. Schizophyllum commune is the most commonly found species.

KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN PAKU DI BUKIT BOTAK KABUPATEN MUSI RAWAS SUMATERA SELATAN

This study aimed to determine the types of Pteridophyta and to determine the index of diversity, dominance, and evenness in the Botak Hill. The research method used is descriptive quantitative. The data collection techniques in this study were exploratory methods and purposive sampling techniques. Based on the results of the study found as many as 1620 individual, consist of 24 species, 16 genera, 8 families and 4 orders. The results of the analysis of the diversity index of 2.851 (medium category), the dominance index value of 0.06 (low category), the evenness index of 0.679 (high category). There were 24 species of ferns found in Botak Hill, diversity was in the medium category, dominance was in the medium category and evenness was in the high category.

A baseline study on diversity of birds in Sani Bheri River Valley, Nepal

Rivers and lakes are important habitats for both resident and migratory wetland-dependent birds. This paper presents the study of birds’ seasonal diversity in Sani Bheri River Valley, outside the protected areas of Nepal. The study was carried out from 8-17 March 2019 (Spring) and 12-21 October (Autumn) 2019 covering a 52 km river stretch from Naighat (upstream area where Pelma River and Uttarganga River mix and flow as Sani Bheri river) to Remnaghat (downstream towards the confluence with Thuli Bheri) using the Mackinnon Listing method. The present study recorded 851 occurrences belonging to 11 Orders, 33 Families, and 71 bird species. Order Passeriformes (52 species) and family Muscicapidae (13 species) were dominant. Plumbeous Water-redstart (Phoenicurus fuliginosus) had the highest relative abundance (7.64%). Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’= 3.61) and Evenness index (e= 0.85) indicate the diverse assemblage of avian fauna in the study area. This study showed that Sani Bheri River Valley provides the habitat for one globally threatened, four nationally threatened, and eight species listed in Appendix-II of CITES. The results provide the baseline information on avian species, which can provide a good database and can be incorporated in conservation implications.

Waterbird assemblages of inland wetlands in Chile: A meta-analysis

Chile has a large number of wetlands that offer a wide variety of refuges and food to waterbird assemblages. This research hypothesises that these assemblages differ according to the structural characteristics of each type of inland wetland. The object is to identify the structure of these assemblages, evaluating their richness, alpha α diversity and some ecological characteristics, taxonomic structures and trophic guilds. We performed a meta-analysis by submitting pre-selected articles to multivariate reliability analysis. The selected articles were used to characterise the assemblages by alpha α diversity: species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou’s Evenness Index, relative abundance and taxonomic distinctiveness Δ + and beta β diversity: Bray-Curtis with analysis of similarity percentage. Diversity and evenness differed in the seven wetlands studied, among 12 to 45 species, Shannon-Wiener index H’= 0.08 to 0.94 bits and Pielou’s Evenness Index J’= 0.06 to 0.71. Four wetlands were below and three above the expected value for taxonomic distinctiveness (Δ +) (73.2 units). Two clusters were identified using the β diversity: one consisting of the High-Andean wetlands (Huasco and Negro Francisco); and the other of El Peral lagoon, the Cruces River wetlands complex and the Tranque San Rafael man-made wetland. The most remarkable dissimilarity was provided by three species (Cygnus melancoryphus, Phoenicoparrus jamesi and Phoenicoparrus andinus). Zoophagous species that eat invertebrates by the first choice are the dominant group, while in lagoon wetlands phytophages and omnivores are more evenly represented.

Effects of Different Grazing Disturbances on the Plant Diversity and Ecological Functions of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Grazing is one of the main human disturbance factors in alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), which can directly or indirectly influence the community structures and ecological functions of grassland ecosystems. However, despite extensive field grazing experiments, there is currently no consensus on how different grazing management approaches affect alpine grassland diversity, soil carbon (C), and nitrogen (N). Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 70 peer-reviewed publications to evaluate the general response of 11 variables related to alpine grassland ecosystems plant diversity and ecological functions to grazing. Overall, the results showed that grazing significantly increased the species richness, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index values by 9.89% (95% CI: 2.75–17.09%), 7.28% (95% CI: 1.68–13.62%), and 3.74% (95% CI: 1.40–6.52%), respectively. Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) decreased, respectively, by 41.91% (95% CI: −50.91 to −32.88%) and 17.68% (95% CI: −26.94 to −8.52%). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (TN), soil C:N ratio, and soil moisture decreased by 13.06% (95% CI: −15.88 to −10.15%), 12.62% (95% CI: −13.35 to −8.61%), 3.27% (95% CI: −4.25 to −2.09%), and 20.75% (95% CI: −27.89 to −13.61%), respectively, whereas, soil bulk density and soil pH increased by 17.46% (95% CI: 11.88–24.53%) and 2.24% (95% CI: 1.01–3.64%), respectively. Specifically, moderate grazing, long-durations (>5 years), and winter grazing contributed to increases in the species richness, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index. However, AGB, BGB, SOC, TN, and soil C:N ratios showed a decrease with enhanced grazing intensity. The response ratio of SOC was positively associated with AGB and BGB but was negatively related to the Shannon–Wiener index and Pielou evenness index. Furthermore, the effects of grazing on plant diversity, AGB, BGB, SOC, and TN in alpine grassland varied with grazing duration, grazing season, livestock type, and grassland type. The findings suggest that grazing should synthesize other appropriate grazing patterns, such as seasonal and rotation grazing, and, furthermore, additional research on grazing management of alpine grassland on the QTP is needed in the future.

The Concept of Evenness/Unevenness: Less Evenness or More Unevenness?

While evenness is understood to be maximal if all types (species, genotypes, alleles, etc.) are represented equally (via abundance, biomass, area, etc.), its opposite, maximal unevenness, either remains conceptually in the dark or is conceived as the type distribution that minimizes the applied evenness index. The latter approach, however, frequently leads to conceptual inconsistency due to the fact that the minimizing distribution is not specifiable or is monomorphic. The state of monomorphism, however, is indeterminate in terms of its evenness/unevenness characteristics. Indeed, the semantic indeterminacy also shows up in the observation that monomorphism represents a state of pronounced discontinuity for the established evenness indices. This serious conceptual inconsistency is latent in the widely held idea that evenness is an independent component of diversity. As a consequence, the established evenness indices largely appear as indicators of relative polymorphism rather than as indicators of evenness. In order to arrive at consistent measures of evenness/unevenness, it seems indispensable to determine which states are of maximal unevenness and then to assess the position of a given type distribution between states of maximal evenness and maximal unevenness. Since semantically, unevenness implies inequality among type representations, its maximum is reached if all type representations are equally different. For given number of types, this situation is realized if type representations, when ranked in descending order, show equal differences between adjacent types. We term such distributions “stepladders” as opposed to “plateaus” for uniform distributions. Two approaches to new evenness measures are proposed that reflect different perspectives on the positioning of type distributions between the closest stepladders and the closest plateaus. Their two extremes indicate states of complete evenness and complete unevenness, and the midpoint is postulated to represent the turning point between prevailing evenness and prevailing unevenness. The measures are graphically illustrated by evenness surfaces plotted above frequency simplices for three types, and by transects through evenness surfaces for more types. The approach can be generalized to include variable differences between types (as required in analyses of functional evenness) by simply replacing types with pairs of different types. Pairs, as the new types, can be represented by their abundances, for example, and these can be modified in various ways by the differences between the two types that form the pair. Pair representations thus consist of both the difference between the paired types and their frequency. Omission of pair frequencies leads to conceptual ambiguity. Given this specification of pair representations, their evenness/unevenness can be evaluated using the same indices developed for simple types. Pair evenness then turns out to quantify dispersion evenness.

Seasonal Variation of Zooplankton Communities and the Effects of Environmental Factors in the Seawater Near Taishan Nuclear Power Station

In the seawater near Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Zooplankton community composition and abundance, the biomass of major taxa, vertical distribution pattern, together with several environmental factors were investigated to evaluate the variation tendency as the seasons change. The structure characteristics of the zooplankton community were analyzed by Margalef species richness (d), Shannon-wiener species diversity index (H’), Pielou evenness index(J’), zooplankton dominant (Y), and dominant species replacement rate (R). There are 48 species within 11 classes of zooplankton identified, including 32 species of copepods. Zooplankton species richness changed obviously in the four seasons, Spring saw the highest (8010.00 ind.m-3), followed by winter (5100.00 ind.m-3), autumn (1713.75 ind.m-3), and summer (1196.25 ind.m-3). Similar trends were observed for the wet biomass, which was highest in spring (215.90 mg.m-3), followed by winter (181.70 mg.m-3), summer (78.56 mg.m-3), and autumn (24.69 mg.m-3), which gave an annual average of 125.21 mg.m-3. The results indicate that the abundance and biomass in spring were significantly higher than those in other seasons. Altogether 8 dominant species were identified along the whole year: Acrocalanmus gibber, Bestiolina amoyensis, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia danae, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Noctiluca scientillans, Penilla avirostris, and Lucifer penicilliger. The annual average Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Margalef diversity index, Pielou evenness index were 1.75, 1.83, and 0.74, respectively. The effects of environmental factors on the zooplankton community were studied by R and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). According to Pearson correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, the most important environmental factors influencing the changes of zooplankton species composition, abundance and distribution were water temperature, salinity, and pH in the whole year.