Protective effect of interval exercise training with different intensity and alpha-lipoic acid supplement on Nav1.3 protein in soleus muscle of diabetic rats

Introduction: Diabetes is a common metabolic disease, which leads to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuron damage result in Nav1.3 elevations. Exercise training has beneficial role in diabetes management and peripheral neuropathy. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful biological antioxidant. However, the role of exercise training and ALA on Nav1.3 are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of training with different intensity and Alpha lipoic acid supplement on soleus muscle Nav1.3 protein in rats with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: healthy control, diabetic, complementary diabetic, intensive exercise diabetic, moderate exercise diabetic, intensive exercise + supplemental diabetic, moderate exercise + complementary diabetic. Methods: In this experimental study, 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: healthy control, diabetic (D), complementary (alpha lipoic acid) diabetic (ALA), diabetic high intensity training (HIT), diabetic moderate intensity training (MIT), diabetes HIT+ALA (ALA + HIT), diabetic MIT + ALA (ALA + MIT). Rats were diabetic by intra-peritoneal injection of STZ. The HIT and MIT protocols were performed five days a week for six weeks. HIIT included 10 bouts of four minutes (running at 85–90% of maximum speed) and MIT 13 bouts of four minutes (running at 65–70% of maximum speed). ALA was administered orally 20 mg/kg once a day by gavage. Nav1.3 protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry method. Statistical operations were performed with SPSS version 16 software. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey were used to analyze the data. Results: The level of Nav1.3 increased significantly in diabetic group compared to the control (p≤0.0001). Moreover, HIT (p=0.0015), MIT p=0.0056), ALA+HIT (p≤0.0001) and ALA+MIT (p≤0.0001) decreased significantly Nav1.3 compared to the diabetic group. Conclusion: HIT and MIT can reduce the expression of NaV1.3 in soleus muscle in diabetic rats. ALA combined with exercise training can be more effective to reduce diabetic neuropathy.

Managing the premenstrual body: a body mapping study of women’s negotiation of premenstrual food cravings and exercise

Background Women’s eating behaviours and exercise patterns have been found to fluctuate across the menstrual cycle, manifested by premenstrual food cravings and reduced exercise. However, the meaning and consequences of premenstrual changes in eating and exercise behaviours remains underexplored. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how women who feel negatively about their premenstrual bodies construct and experience premenstrual changes to eating and exercise practices, which disrupt their usual patterns of body management. Methods Four hundred and sixty women aged 18–45 completed an online survey in response to a Facebook advertisement targeted at women who feel negatively about their bodies during the premenstrual phase of the cycle. Participants reported moderate premenstrual distress, high body shame and high risk of disordered eating attitudes using standardised measures. Sixteen women reporting rich accounts of premenstrual body dissatisfaction were invited to participate in body-mapping, involving visually illustrating experiences on a life-sized outline of the body, followed by a telephone interview. Thematic analysis was used to explore qualitative survey, interview, and body-mapping data. Results and discussion Results found that outside of the premenstrual phase these women engaged in restrictive eating and intensive exercise behaviours, which were disrupted by premenstrual cravings, hunger, fatigue, pain and feeling physically uncomfortable. For a minority of the women, this facilitated self-care in reducing the strict management of their bodies during the premenstrual phase. Others experienced feelings of guilt, shame, self-disgust and pushed their bodies physically through increased exercise. Conclusions These findings emphasise the need to acknowledge changes in body management across the menstrual cycle, with implications for women’s mental health and feelings about the self. Internalisation of pressures placed on women to manage their bodies through restrictive eating behaviours and rigorous exercise plays a role in women’s premenstrual body dissatisfaction and distress. Plain English summary The current study aimed to explore how women who feel negatively about their premenstrual bodies construct and experience premenstrual changes to eating and exercise practices. Outside of the premenstrual phase these women engaged in restrictive eating and intensive exercise behaviours which were disrupted by premenstrual cravings, hunger, fatigue, pain and feeling physically uncomfortable. Some women allowed themselves to take a premenstrual break from their usual strict eating and exercise behaviours, whereas others felt guilt, shame, self-disgust and physically pushed their bodies through increased exercise. These findings emphasise that changes to eating and exercise behaviours across the menstrual cycle and pressures placed on women to manage their eating and exercise behaviours have implications for women’s premenstrual distress and body dissatisfaction.

Short-term regular moderate exercise improved male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function via the reduction of hypothalamic neurokinin B expression in adult rats

Introduction: In the arcuate nucleus, kisspeptin, neurokinin-B and pro-dynorphin (KNDy) neurons control the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Early investigations indicated that exercise with various intensities affects luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) in different ways. Meanwhile the molecular mechanisms underlying its function not yet been fully understood. Accordingly, the present study evaluated the role of alterations in the levels of KNDy mRNA upstream of GnRH neurons in conveying the effects of various short-term exercise intensities on the male hypothermic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Methods: Twenty-one adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, one-month regular moderate exercise (ME) and one-month regular intensive exercise (IE). In ME (22m/min) and IE (35m/min) groups, the rats were treated 5 days a week for 60min each day. Finally, we assessed serum levels of LH and T using the ELIZA technique and KNDy and Gnrh mRNA expression by the real-time PCR method. Results: The results revealed that in ME group the expression of Nkb was reduced and the expression of Gnrh mRNA and the LH and T serum levels were increased. However, intensive exercise did not change the serum levels of LH and T or the relative expression of kiss1, Nkb, Pdyn and Gnrh genes. Conclusion: The results suggested that monthly moderate exercise improved male reproductive axis function, while intensive exercise did not have an adverse effect on the reproductive axis. These various effects on the male HPG axis may be propagated by the change in hypothalamic Nkb gene expression.

Monitoring of Changes in Masticatory Muscle Stiffness after Gum Chewing Using Shear Wave Elastography

This study aimed to investigate if intensive exercise affects the stiffness of the masticatory muscles measured with shear-wave elastography. The study included a cohort of healthy adults (n = 40) aged 40 ± 11 years. In each individual, the stiffness of both the masseter and temporalis muscle was examined three times: at baseline, after 10 min of intensive exercise (chewing gum), and after 10 min of relaxation. Stiffness values (median (IQR)) of both the masseter and temporalis muscle were the lowest at the baseline (11.35 (9.7–12.65) and 10.1 (9.1–10.95)), increased significantly after the exercise (12.5 (11.1–13.25) and 10.3 (10.2–10.52)) and then dropped significantly after 10 min of relaxing (11.75 (9.95–12.6) and 10.2 (9.65–11.9)). The stiffness of the temporalis muscle was significantly lower than that of the masseter muscle. The values of the stiffness of the masseters correlated significantly with the values of the stiffness of the temporalis muscles. Shear wave elastography proved to be a sensitive method for showing changes in the stiffness of the muscles involved in the mastication occurring as a response to the effort, which increased the muscle stiffness. Further research is needed to broaden knowledge on the impact of eating habits and the occurrence of parafunctions on the development of temporomandibular disorders and the condition of masticatory muscles.

The effects of a single dose of beta-alanine supplementation on the cardio-respiratory system of well-trained rowing athletes

PurposeIntensive exercise significantly lowers the pH of muscle and blood; beta-alanine supplementation can increase carnosine levels, the absence of which leads to an early acidosis and fatigue. The aim of our work is to investigate the effect of a single dose of beta-alanine supplementation on well-trained rowing athletes.Materials/MethodsThe spiroergometric parameters of the participants (n = 28) were examined a total of four times (T1,T2,T3,T4). After measurement (T3), participants received a beta-alanine supplementation at a dose of 50 mg/kg−1 body weight. We compared the results of the four measurements as well as the blood lactate values obtained from the fingertip before and after the tests.ResultsThe different load physiological parameters and the lactate values measured after the tests did not show any significant difference. The mean lactate value prior to test (T4) was 1.8 (mmol*L−1), which is significantly higher than the mean-value of the two previous studies: T1 = 1.6 (mmol*L−1); (P = 0.00), T3 = 1.55 (mmol*L−1); (P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe higher lactate value measured before test (T4) was probably due to the longer time to return to the baseline values after the series load. In conclusion, a single dose of beta-alanine supplementation has no effect on performance. In order to elicit the ergogenic effect of beta-alanine, the use of short, intermittent diet therapy intervention is not recommended.

Differential effects of intense exercise and pollution on the airways in a murine model

Background Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a transient airway narrowing, occurring during or shortly after intensive exercise. It is highly prevalent in non-asthmatic outdoor endurance athletes suggesting an important contribution of air pollution in the development of EIB. Therefore, more research is necessary to investigate the combination of exercise and pollutants on the airways. Methods Balbc/ByJ mice were intranasally challenged 5 days a week for 3 weeks with saline or 0.2 mg/ml diesel exhaust particles (DEP), prior to a daily incremental running session or non-exercise session. Once a week, the early ventilatory response was measured and lung function was determined at day 24. Airway inflammation and cytokine levels were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells and tight junction mRNA expression were determined in lung tissue. Results Submaximal exercise resulted in acute alterations of the breathing pattern and significantly improved FEV0.1 at day 24. DEP exposure induced neutrophilic airway inflammation, accompanied with increased percentages of CD11b+ DC in lung tissue and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-13, MCP-1, GM-CSF and KC. Occludin and claudin-1(Cldn-1) expression were respectively increased and decreased by DEP exposure. Whereas, exercise increased Cldn-3 and Cldn-18 expression. Combining exercise and DEP exposure resulted in significantly increased SP-D levels in the airways. Conclusion DEP exposure induced typical airway neutrophilia, DC recruitment and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Whereas, intensive exercise induced changes of the breathing pattern. The combination of both triggers resulted in a dysregulation of tight junction expression, suggesting that intensive exercise in polluted environments can induce important changes in the airway physiology and integrity.

THE EFFECTS OF HIGH SALT DIET AND EXERCISE ON THE WATER-SALT BALANCE AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN RATS

In the study which was prepared based on the factors that can take place in essential hypertension pathology; We aimed to investigate the interactions of intensive exercise, high salt and partial NOS inhibition applications with each other, the effects on water-salt balance and blood pressure, changes in the intrarenal dopaminergic system, which is an important natriuretic system, and the participation of oxidative stress. The rats were given intensive exercise on a treadmill at a speed of 25 m / min at 5% inclination for 30 minutes a day, LNNA at a concentration of 50 mg / L and a high salt diet of 4% for 7 days either separately or together. Blood pressures of the rats were measured on the first and last days of the experiment, and the rats were taken into metabolic cages; 24-hour water intake and urinevolume were measured. Dopamine levels were measured in 24-hour urine to detect intrarenal dopamine synthesis. In addition, oxidative stress parameters in the serums of rats; TAS, TOS and OSI levels were measured. Blood pressure was found to be high in the groups in which intensive exercise was applied together with LNNA and high salt diet. While there was no change in the water balance of this group, it was found that sodium excretion and dopamine levels increased in 24-hour urine. In addition, it was found that the total oxidant status increased in this group, and oxidative stress developed as a result of insufficient antioxidant system. It suggests that the reason of hypertension that develops with the application of intensive exercise together with LNNA and high salt diet may be due to the vascular resistance increasing effect of oxidative stress rather than water-salt retention and it points out the necessity of studies to fully detect vascular tissue oxidative stress markers and vascular oxidative damage.