Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires: Public Space and Public Consciousness in Fin-de-Siècle Latin America

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Needell

The Parisian Faubourg Saint Germain and perhaps the Rue de la Paix and the boulevards seemed the adequate measure of luxury to all of the snobs. The old colonial shell of the Latin American cities little approximated such scenery. The example of Baron de Haussmann and his destructive example strengthened the decision of the new bourgeoisies who wished to erase the past, and some cities began to transform their physiognomy: a sumptuous avenue, a park, a carriage promenade, a luxurious theater, modern architecture revealed that decision even when they were not always able to banish the ghost of the old city. But the bourgeoisies could nourish their illusions by facing one another in the sophisticated atmosphere of an exclusive club or a deluxe restaurant. There they anticipated the steps that would transmute “the great village” into a modern metropolis.—José Luis Romero

Humanities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clovis Ultramari ◽  
Fernanda Cantarim ◽  
Manoela Jazar

This paper investigates the circulation of ideas regarding the city among selected countries in Latin America. It discusses convergences between academic and scientific institutions and investigative weakness in partnerships between Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. It identifies two historical moments: one of vertical dialogues between Latin America and central countries in the elaboration of urban plans (20th century) and another of contemporary academic exchange signalling a horizontal dialogue that is fragile and sporadic but distinct from those observed in the past. Empirical reference is obtained from the analysis of scientific events and papers published by distinguished post-graduate programs concerning urban topics in selected countries, during the time frame of 2000–2015. The methodological approach is based on a bibliographic review and content analysis. Results indicate that the old “one-way” of transfer of urban planning ideas from central countries to Latin America is changing; slowly, the continent has been growing more independent in terms of knowledge creation and circulation.


Author(s):  
Carles Crosas

During the nineteenth century, capital cities in Latin America established a new generation of “green” grids, inherited from the tradition of Hispanic colonization that introduced new elements of modernity: technique, transport, and ecology. From hundreds of cases, it is worth paying attention to those that are most outstanding for embodying a number of characteristics: certain isolated condition, perfect geometrical layout, tram connection, “hygienist” inspiration, innovative engineering, new urban imaginary, etc. The brief presentation of some cases in Buenos Aires, México DF, Montevideo, and Sao Paolo leads the authors to assess the outstanding case of El Vedado in La Habana (1859) within its contemporary panorama. This is a canonical grid district settled in a vast and privileged area near the Caribbean Sea, with its quiet tree-lined streets and notable for its exquisite buildings. After 150 years, reviewing the transformation of this unique grid allows one to gain insight regarding the flexibility of urban grids, appreciate the splendour of its past, and explore the potential for its future.


Thesis Eleven ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 072551362110439
Author(s):  
Jeremy Smith

This essay aims to examine metropolitan cities of Latin America with two aspects of the literature in anthropology, history, and sociology in mind. First, the essay addresses an imbalanced focus on cities in the USA and Canada by sketching the significance of migration, creation, and urban development in four major metropolises of Latin America. Second, in place of a framework of urban imaginaries, which has dominated the sociology of Latin American cities in recent years, I argue for a more precise notion of metropolitan imaginaries that better frames the creativity of particular cities and their level of integration into international and regional networks. With this more precise notion, I distinguish southern cities as highly connected places, which attract migrants and bring economic and cultural traffic to their shores, ports, plazas, and streets. They are lively centers of Atlantic modernity with connections that generate greater magnitude for creativity and, as such, bear international significance as places of architecture and urban design. In their informal settlements, impulses of organic creation further distinguish southern metropolises from their North American counterparts. The quality of international and regional connections distinguishes these cities from other urban centers in Latin America, a point underestimated in the literature on urban imaginaries. In this essay, I examine 19th and 20th-century Buenos Aires, Mexico City, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. Each is distinguished from most cities by the magnitude of migration, the diversity of their populations, and the connections they have to global and regional developments. Crucially, each one stands out for the quality and impact of their metropolis-making, particularly in creative architecture and urban design.


2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Julio Arroyo

RESUMEN La noción de contemporaneidad se presenta como una condición necesaria pero de difícil comprensión, razón por la cual se propone tomar una posición tangencial con el fin de entender los procesos de la actualidad (el capitalismo financiero, informatización, etc.) que le dan entidad. Estos procesos representan un cambio importante en la subjetividad urbana, con modificaciones significativas en las formas de percibir y comprender el entorno. Del mismo modo, se propone reconocer a América Latina como una región de enormes intercambios en un mundo donde las dimensiones materiales, sociales y culturales se ven exacerbadas. Esto permite reconocer tres formas de entender la ciudad contemporánea: la ciudad como totalidad dialéctica, totalidad fragmentada y totalidad clausurada (escindida). Si bien todas estas formas son verificables en la actualidad, esta última es el que más fuertemente contribuye a construir un concepto de ciudad contemporánea en general y en América Latina en particular. Apelando a varios autores, se intenta hacer una reflexión sobre lo contemporáneo y sobre la manera en que las dimensiones físicas, sociales y culturales se articulan, a veces formando relaciones estructurales estables y otras, relaciones contingentes. Debido a esto, las categorías de ciudad, espacio público y paisaje son particularmente complejas, ya sea cuando se piensa o actúa con las mismas. Se concluye en la necesidad de hacer más flexibles los campos disciplinarios con el fin de analizar estas categorías con especial atención en las dislocaciones y disyunciones antes que en las regularidades y continuidades. Dislocaciones y disyunciones son, de hecho, la más clara manifestación de lo contemporáneo en la fenomenología de la ciudad. Situaciones emergentes de la Ciudad de México, São Paulo y Buenos Aires, como casos paradigmáticos de ciudades de América Latina, dan argumentos para hablar de la constitución intempestiva y paradójica de lo contemporáneo. PALABRAS CLAVE Contemporaneidad - Ciudad - Espacio público - Paisaje - Arquitectura  ABSTRACT The notion of contemporaneity is introduced as a necessary but not easy understanding concept, reason by which it is proposed to take a tangential position in order to understand the processes of the present time (financial capitalism, computerization, etc.) that give entity to it. These processes represent a major change in urban subjectivity, with significant modifications in the ways of perceiving and understanding the environment. Similarly, it is proposed to recognize Latin America as a region of tremendous exchanges in a world where material, social and cultural dimensions are exacerbated. These allow to recognize three ways of understanding the contemporary city: city as a dialectical totality (wholeness), fragmented totality and canceled totality. While all these forms are verifiable at present, the latter is the one that most strongly would contribute to buildingup a concept of the contemporary city in general and Latin American in particular. Appealing to several authors, it is intended a reflection on the contemporary and on the way in which the physical, social and cultural dimensions are articulated, sometimes forming stable structural relationships and some other ones, contingent relations. Because of this, the categories of city, public space and landscape are particularly complex either when thinking or acting them. It is concluded on the need of making more flexible our disciplinary fields in order to analyze these categories with particular attention to the dislocations and disjunctions rather than to regularities and continuities. Dislocation and disjunctions are, in fact, the most clear manifestation of the contemporary in the phenomenology of the city. Emerging situations from Mexico City, São Paulo and Buenos Aires, as paradigmatic cases in Latin America, give arguments to talk about the untimely and paradoxical constitution of the contemporary. KEY WORDS Contemporaniey – City – Public Space – Urbanscape– Architecture  RESUMO A noção de Contemporaneidade é apresentada como uma condição necessária, mas de difícil compreensão, razão pela qual se propõe a tomar uma posição tangencial com a finalidade de compreender os processos atuais (capitalismo financeiro, informatização, etc.)que lhe dão existência. Esses processos representam uma grande mudança na subjetividade urbana, com mudanças significativas nas formas de se perceber e compreender o seu entorno. Da mesma forma, propõe-se reconhecera América Latina como uma região onde ocorrem grandes intercâmbios, em um mundo onde as dimensões material, social e cultural são exacerbadas. Isso permite reconhecer três maneiras de compreender a cidade contemporânea: a cidade como totalidade dialética, como totalidade fragmentada e como totalidade encerrada (dividida). Ainda que todas estas formas sejam verificáveis ​​na atualidade, a última é a que contribui mais fortemente para a construção de um conceito de cidade contemporânea em geral e, na América Latina, em particular. Recorrendo a vários autores intenta-sefazer uma reflexão sobre o contemporâneo esobre o modo de como as dimensões física, social e cultural são articuladas formando, às vezes, relações estruturais estáveis ​​e,em outras, relações contingentes. Por esse motivo, as categorias de cidade, de espaço público e de paisagem são particularmente complexas, seja quando sepensa ou se age sobre as mesmas. Conclui-se que há necessidade de tornar mais flexíve isos campos disciplinares, com a finalidade de analisar essas categorias a partir dos deslocamentos e disjunções, ao invés de nos voltarmos para as regularidades e continuidades. Deslocamentos e disjunções são, de fato, a mais clara manifestação do contemporâneo na fenomenologia da cidade. Situações emergentes como da Cidade do México, de São Paulo e de Buenos Aires, são exemplos paradigmáticos de cidades latino-americanas, que fornecem argumentos para discutir-se a constituição intempestiva e paradoxal do contemporâneo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Contemporaneidade - Cidade - Espaço Público - Paisagem - Arquitetura


1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd H. Rogler

In the life of Latin American cities the rapid expansion of slum neighborhoods has emerged as a compelling problem. The inability of city authorities to provide adequate and inexpensive housing for rural-to-urban migrants, as well as for those economically poor persons born and raised in the city, has clashed with the tremendous growth of the population and its drive toward urbanization. The impoverished families must settle wherever they can. Scattered throughout Mexico City, for instance, on vacant lots adjoining factories or on the periphery of the metropolitan area are shack homes built of miscellaneous materials, known as jacales, or the rows of single-story concrete, brick, or adobe dwellings called vecindades. Beyond Mexico City, there are the villas miserias of Buenos Aires, the favelas on the rocky promontories of Rio de Janeiro, the barrios clandestinos of Bogotá, the barriadasmarginales of Lima, the ranchos of Caracas, and the callampas (mushrooms) of Santiago.


2017 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Marcela Croce

ResumenEl propósito de este artículo es retomar el pensamiento sobre la ciudad como sede espacial, disparador de ideas, iniciativa política y social y manifestación cultural, enfatizando aquellas producciones discursivas típicas del fenómeno urbano como la crónica de la metrópolis, el rastreo antropológico que define los estratos culturales que coexisten en la sede urbana y el relato policial que restituye el entramado de vínculos que operan en el perímetro ciudadano. A esta última formulación se añaden las actividades delictivas que aprovechan un conjunto de disposiciones y servicios urbanos como infraestructura, tal como destacó Saskia Sassen.Con ese objetivo se propone un recorrido por un corpus de textos que se detienen en diversos núcleos urbanos y no se restringen a estudiar sus características geográficas y edilicias sino que las inscriben en el conjunto de cada nación, en la historia de los países que integran América Latina (remarcando la tensión entre ciudad y nación que atraviesa la historia occidental) y asimismo en una serie continental que establece una jerar- quía de ciudades. Las antiguas capitales virreinales que son México y Lima aparecen confrontadas a la capital del virreinato menor que es Buenos Aires, y a la sede imperial de Río de Janeiro en este recorrido.Palabras clave: Ciudades latinoamericanas - Historia urbana - Crónica ciudadana - Géneros urbanos - Utopía latinoamericanaAbstractThis article considers the thinking about cities as space headquarters, an idea nest, a political and social initiative and a cultural manifestation, empha- sizing those discursive productions typical of the urban phenomenon, as the chronicle of the metropolis, the anthropological search that define the cultural strata coexisting in urban headquarters and the police story that restores the linking network that operate in the city perimeters. This latter statement is followed by criminal activities that exploit a set of provisions and urban services such as infrastructure, as Saskia Sassen pointed out.With this objective, we propose a tour through a text corpus that deepen in several urban centers and are not restricted to study their geographical characteristics and buildings, but inscribe them in the set of each nation, in the history of the countries that integrate Latin America (highlighting the tension between city and nation now experienced by Western history) and also in a continental series establishing a hierarchy of cities. The old viceregal capitals, i.e. Mexico and Lima face the minor viceroyalty capital –Buenos Aires– and the imperial headquarters of Rio de Janeiro in this route.Keywords: Latin American cities - Urban history - Citizen chronicle - Urban genres - Latin American utopiaResumo:O objetivo deste artigo é voltar a pensar a cidade como uma sede espa- cial, desencadeador de ideias, iniciativa política e social e manifestações culturais, enfatizando aquelas produções discursivas típicas do fenômeno urbano, como a crônica da metrópole, o reconhecimento antropológico que define os estratos culturais que coexistem na sede urbana e no relato policial que restitui o tramado de ligações que operam no perímetro da cidade. Nesta última formulação integram-se as atividades criminosas que se aproveitam de um conjunto de disposições e serviços urbanos como a infraestrutura, assim como destacou Saskia Sassen.Com este objetivo é proposto percorrer por um corpus de textos que vão parar em diversos núcleos urbanos e não só estarão restritos a estudar suas características geográficas e de construção, mas bem estas se inscrevem no conjunto de cada nação, na história dos países que integram América Latina (destacando a tensão entre a cidade e nação através da história ocidental) e também numa série continental que estabelece uma hierar- quia de cidades. As antigas capitais do vice-reinado colonial: México e Lima são confrontados a capital do vice-reino menor que é Buenos Aires, e a sede imperial do Rio de Janeiro nesta turnê.Palavras-chave: Cidades latino-americanas - História Urbana - Crônica cidadã - Gêneros urbanos - Utopia latino-americana.


1926 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
Percy Alvin Martin

To students of international relations it has become almost a commonplace that among the most significant and permanent results of the World War has been the changed international status of the republics of Latin America. As a result of the war and post-war developments in these states, the traditional New World isolation in South America, as well as in North America, is a thing of the past. To our leading sister republics is no longer applicable the half-contemptuous phrase, current in the far-off days before 1914, that Latin America stands on the margin of international life. The new place in the comity of nations won by a number of these states is evidenced—to take one of the most obvious examples—by the raising of the legations of certain non-American powers to the rank of embassies, either during or immediately after the war. In the case of Brazil, for instance, where prior to 1914 only the United States maintained an ambassador, at the present time Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, and Japan maintain diplomatic representatives of this rank.Yet all things considered one of the most fruitful developments in the domain of international relations has been the share taken by our southern neighbors in the work of the League of Nations. All of the Latin American republics which severed relations with Germany or declared war against that country were entitled to participate in the Peace Conference. As a consequence, eleven of these states affixed their signatures to the Treaty of Versailles, an action subsequently ratified in all cases except Ecuador.


Urban Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Alonso de Andrade ◽  
Meta Berghauser Pont ◽  
Luiz Amorim

This article focuses on the development of a measure for frontage permeability, which we argue is needed to complement existing metrics used to describe urban environments and assess, amongst others, social performativity. Built density and street network centrality are two characteristics often discussed in relation to urban vitality. However, high densities and high centrality do not always result in higher urban vitality, which can be partially explained by a typical densification model often used in Brazil and in some other Latin-American cities with high-rise residential buildings. To understand the relation between urban form and social performativity, the metrics for density and network centrality are thus not sufficient and we propose to add two other urban form properties: frontage permeability and plot size. The hypothesis is that the mentioned densification model combines higher density with larger plots and lower permeability. Many scholars have shown that higher density is often associated with increased urban vitality, but larger plots are said to have the opposite effect and in Latin American cities, it is observed that lower vitality is found where buildings have less permeable frontages. This research aims at studying the combined effect of density, permeability, and plot size on urban vitality or, more generally, social performativity. However, there is no well-developed method to measure frontage permeability. Therefore, this article first presents a method to measure frontage permeability, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. This measure is then combined with existing measures of density and plot size to analyse how these three urban form metrics relate to each other. In a forthcoming paper, pedestrian observation data will be added to the analysis, to be able to give more insight in the relation between the three urban form metrics and urban vitality using pedestrian counts as proxy. We will show that the developed measure seems to be coherent and effective in describing permeability. Further, the preliminary results confirm the hypothesis that the Brazilian densification model with high-rise residential buildings generates a decrease in frontage permeability, although it does not appear to significantly change plot sizes.


2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inaiá María Moreira de Calvalho ◽  
Gilberto Corso Pereira

En este artículo se analiza la evolución reciente de la segregación socioespacial y la de la conformación urbana en la ciudad de Salvador, a la luz del debate sobre las transformaciones de las metrópolis dentro del capital globalizado. Si bien se reconoce que todas las grandes ciudades terminan siendo alcanzadas por la globalización, en el texto se resalta, sin embargo, que los efectos de ese proceso no son uniformes ni convergen en un modelo único de ciudad. Es necesario considerar la conformación histórica de cada una de ellas, sus instituciones, actores y decisiones políticas locales dentro de una dinámica definida por la continuidad/transformación, donde lo que ya existía condiciona la irrupción de lo nuevo, que en muchos casos ya había comenzado a delinearse en el pasado. Mediante la demostración de la conformación de una metrópoli extremadamente desigual y segregada y la medida en que las transformaciones han agravado tales alteraciones al paso de los últimos años, esta revisión del caso de Salvador se propone exponer algunas reflexiones para entender mejor los efectos del proceso de globalización sobre las grandes ciudades de América Latina. AbstractThis article analyzes the recent evolution of the socio-spatial segregation and urban configuration of the city of Salvador, in light of the debate on the transformations of metropolises within globalized capital. Although it is a well-known fact that large cities end up being absorbed by globalization, the text stresses the fact that the effects of this process are not uniform nor do they converge in a single model of a city. It is essential to  consider the historical moment of each of them, their institutions, actors and local political decisions within a dynamic defined by continuity/transformation, in which what already existed conditions the emergence of what is new, which in many cases, had already begun to be shaped in the past. Through the demonstration of the configuration of an extremely unequal, segregated metropolis, and the extent to which the transformations have aggravated these alterations over the years, this review of the case of Salvador proposes offering some reflections to provide a better understanding of the effects of globalization on major Latin American cities.


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