Effects of salicylic and benzoic acid on yield and yield components of moisture stressed tomato (solanum lycopersicun l.) at Kadawa Sudan Savannah

Salicylic acid and Benzoic acids are antitranpirants usually used to reduce the rate of moisture loss and increase productivity of irrigated crops. To test antitranspiracy of Salicylic and Benzoic acids, field experiments were conducted during the two successive dry Seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at the Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kadawa (11̊ 38ʹ 40.3ʺ N,8̊ 25ʹ3.9ʺ E) 498m elevation above sea level. The aim was to study the effects of antitranspirants and moisture stress on crop growth and development stages of tomato. The treatments consisted of two antitranspirants at four different concentrations of 0, 200, 400 and 600 ppm, and three moisture stress stages, vegetative, flowering and fruit setting. Antitranspirants and moisture stresses were assigned to the main plot and concentrations were used as sub–plot treatment. These were replicated three times and laid out in a split-plot design. The gross plot size was 3.6m x 3.0m (10.8m2) consisting of 6 rows of 3m length, while the net plot size was 1.2m 1.8m (2.16 m2) consisting of 2 inner most rows. Data were taken on tomato growth and yield attributes. Data generated were analysed using statistical analytics software (SAS). The results of the study revealed that application of both Antitranspirants enhanced growth and yield components such as fruit diameter, number of fruits plant1, average fruit weight, marketable fruit yield and total fruit yield of tomato. Significant interactions between and among the factors were also recorded for fruit diameter, number of fruits plant-1 marketable fruit yield and the total fruit yield. Application of 200 and 400 ppm of of Salicylic acid at fruit setting produced the highest total fruit yield (6.66 tha-1) which was statistically similar to 600 ppm of Benzoic (6.10 t ha-1) at flowering while the control had the lowest. Total fruit yield was positively and significantly correlated with number of fruit plant-1 and average fruit weight. Number of fruits plant-1 was found to have the highest direct contribution to the yield. Flowering and fruiting stages were found to be the critical growth stages for moisture stress of tomato. Foliar application of 400 ppm of Salicylic acid at fruit setting stage appeared to promote tomato yield in the study area.

Defuzzification in the process of managerial estimating the value of agricultural lands

Purpose. The main purpose of the research is to substantiate the methodological approach of defuzzification and to define its peculiarities in the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands. Methodology / approach. The research purpose included the use of a set of appropriate methods. In particular, the fuzzy logic techniques formed the basis of the research. The system approach was used in order to determine the role of land resources in the enterprise potential and the corresponding spheres of their management. The analysis and synthesis methods were used in the process of definition of impact factors of land resources value. The cartographic method was used for the needs of graphical display of humus content in the land plots of the analyzed enterprise. The generalization method was used in the process of forming conclusions. Results. The article defines the peculiarities of defuzzification in the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands. The results provided the methodological basis for considering the qualitative metrics in the process of estimation as well as for granting the numerical interpretation for linguistic variables. The corresponding methodology was overviewed at the example of land plot size. The quantitative reference limits for “small”, “medium” and “large” land plots were defined. Research results made it possible to form the sequence of stages, which are to be undertaken, in order to provide numerical values for qualitative characteristics of agricultural lands. A decision tree was built for the needs of formation of management decisions. According to the data of researched enterprise, the dependence of the value of agricultural lands (for the needs of management accounting) on the size of the land plot and the humus content was determined. Originality / scientific novelty. The article improves the methodological approach to determining the value of agricultural lands as of an element of enterprise potential based on the use of fuzzy logic techniques, which, in contrast to existing approaches, allows taking into account both quantitative and qualitative factors in the process of estimating the value of land resources for the needs of their management. Applying the respective approach increases the level of accuracy, relevance, and adequacy to market realities of the results of estimating the value of agricultural lands for the needs of their management. Practical value / implications. The results of the research provided an opportunity to improve the quality and efficiency of the process of estimating the value of agricultural lands. The corresponding process is characterized by a high level of complexity and uncertainty due to the presence of a significant number of qualitative factors influencing the value of the land resources. The approach considered in the article makes it possible to take into account the influence of relevant qualitative factors by giving them numerical certainty through the use of fuzzy logic techniques. The proposed approach will provide an opportunity to increase the accuracy and relevance of estimating the value of land resources as of an element of enterprise potential for the making of corresponding managerial decisions. The proposed methodological approach was implemented with the use of data of agricultural enterprise, which made it possible to take into account linguistic variables (land plot size and chemical properties of the soil) when forming the managerial decisions about land plots. The decision tree was also formed, which serves as a means of supporting management decisions in the process of forming the value of agricultural lands.

Effect of plot size and plant spatial arrangement on the efficiency of family selection in sugarcane

The purpose of this study was to identify the ideal sample size representing a family in its potential, to identify superior families and, in parallel, determine in which spatial arrangement they may have a better accuracy in the selection of new varieties of sugarcane. For such purpose, five families of full-sibs were evaluated, each with 360 individuals, in the randomized blocks design, with three replications in three different spacing among plants in the row (50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm) and 150 cm between the rows. To determine the ideal sample size, as well as the better spacing for evaluation, the bootstrap method was adopted. It was observed that 100 cm spacings provided the best average for the stalk numbers, stalk diameter and for estimated weight of stalks in the stool. The spacing of 75 cm between the plants allowed a better power of discrimination among the families for all characters evaluated. At this 75 cm spacing was also possible to identify superior families with a sample of 30 plants each plot and 3 reps in the trial. Highlights The bootstrap method was efficient to determine the ideal sample size, as well as the best spacing for evaluation. The 75-cm spacing had the highest power of discrimination among families, indicating that this spacing is the most efficient in evaluating sugarcane families for selection purposes. From all the results and considering selective accuracy as the guiding parameter for decision making, the highest values obtained considering the number of stalks and weight of stalks in the stools were found at the 75-cm spacing.

Optimal Plot Dimensions for Performance Testing of Hybrid Potato in the Field

Field trials to evaluate the performance of new varieties are an essential component of potato breeding. Besides the genetic differences, environmental factors can lead to variation in a trial. In variety trials, the observed differences amongst varieties should reflect genetic differences, without a large impact of the random or systematic variation in the field. One way to reduce within-field variation is to adjust the plot size and its shape in a trial. Two years of field trials in which individual plants in 90-plant plots of both diploid hybrid and tetraploid varieties were measured provided data to derive relationships between LSD% and plot size and shape. We provide a method to estimate the equations to calculate the expected variation when using different plot dimensions in a relatively homogeneous trial field for tuber yield, tuber volume, tuber count, tuber shape and the standard deviations of tuber volume and shape. Compared with the yield traits, the variation for tuber shape was relatively small. The effect of plot shape was minor. With these equations, breeders can determine what plot dimensions are needed to reach the desired precision for each trait.

Optimal plot size for experimentation of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective was to evaluate the minimum size of experimental plots for the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using the modified maximum curvature method. The experiment consisted of a uniformity trial with the cultivar BRSFC-402 sown at a spacing of 0.5 m between plant rows and 10 plants per meter within the row. 20 central rows measuring 20 m in length were considered for measurements, totaling 4,000 plants on an area of 200 m2. Final bean stand (FS), mean number of pods per plant (NPP), mean number of grain per pod (NGP), mean 100-grain weight (M100), and grain yield (kg ha-1) were evaluated. At evaluations, each row with 10 plants was considered a basic unit (0.5 m2), amounting to 400 basic units whose dimensions were combined into 14 plot shapes. The methods of relative information and modified maximum curvature were used to obtain the best shape and the most appropriate plot size, respectively, for experimental evaluation with common bean. Using these methods, and considering that the optimum plot should enable an efficient evaluation of all evaluated characteristics, the appropriate plot size was five UB (25 plants) in the format with five rows x one UB per row. Highlights Support for experimental evaluation of common beans under edaphoclimatic conditions in the northern region of Minas Gerais Experimental plots with five basic units ensure maximum precision for joint evaluation of the main phenotypic descriptors of common beans. The characteristics mass of 100 grains and productivity were associated with the smallest and the largest plot sizes, respectively.

Optimum size and shape of plots based on data from a uniformity trial on Indian Mustard in Haryana

The most obvious use of uniformity trial data is to provide information on the most suitable size and shape of plots, in which the field was planted to a single variety and harvested as small plots. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivar RH-749 was grown using uniform crop improvement practices during rabi season of 2013-14 at Research Farm of Oilseed section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana state, India, to estimate optimum plot size and shape using yield data of the 48 m × 48 m (2304 basic units) recorded separately from each basic unit of 1 m × 1 m. The variability among plots of different sizes and shapes was determined by calculating coefficient of variation. It was observed that the coefficient of variation decreases as the plot size increases in case of both the directions i.e., when plots were elongated in N-S direction (88 per cent decrease) or elongated in E-W direction (93 per cent decrease). Further it was observed that long and narrow plots elongated in E-W direction were more useful than the compact and square plots in controlling the soil heterogeneity. Based on the maximum curvature method the optimum plot size for yield trial was estimated to be 5 m2 with rectangular shape.

Diversity of echinoderms of class echinoidea and holothuroidea in waingapu old pier, east sumba regency

Echinoderms are in habitats in coastal waters because is a biota that can maintain the sustainability and the balance of the coral reef ecosystem. Human activity in utili zing Echinoderms, namely in Echinoidea and Holothuroidea can affect life his life. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of phyla Echinoderms class Echinoidea and Holothuroidea at the Harbor Waingapu Old Pier and its use as a medium Biology learning. The research method used is purposive sampling and analyzed using the approach quantitative descriptive with the Shannon diversity index formula Wiener. Echinoderm samples were calculated using the technique quadratic transects with a plot size of 2 x 2 meters are placed perpendicularly in the direction of 50 meters using a plot of 30 plot. Environmental factors measured are temperature, salinity, degrees acidity (pH) and levels of oxygen (DO). Measurements are taken at each observation station. The results showed 11 species Echinoderms are divided into 2 classes, namely Diadema setosum, Diadema savignyi, Tripneustes gratilla, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Echinocardium flavescens, Clypeaster subdepressus, and Mespilia globulus from the class Echinoidea. Holothuria atra, Holothuria scraba, Euapta godeffroyi and Chiridota rigida from the class Holothuroidea. The diversity index obtained includes medium category with a value of H = 1.696.

POTENSI BEBERAPA LARUTAN ORGANIK DALAM MENDUKUNG PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum)

Red unions are one type of plant that is widely used as a spice ini cooking and cannot be replaced with other types of plants so it is needed every time. The research objective was to obtain one type of organic solution that produced the highest production of shallots and to calculate the potential production of each given organic solution. The research was carried out at the Kebun Percontohan Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian Bulango Timur in January-April 2020. The research was conducted in the form of Randomized Bloc design consisting of 8 treatments including control namely without the use of organic solutions, POC, MOL Rice, MOL Banana, ZPT red union, ZPT Tauge, PGPR Root Bamboo and PGPR Elephan Grass Root. Repeat 3 times with a plot size 1 m x 1 m. The parameters observed were fresh weight and dry weight of red union bulbs. The results showed that the highest fresh weight was obtained from the treatment of ZPT red union 14,22 ton haˉ¹) and MOL banana (14,06 ton haˉ¹). The highest dry weight of bulbs resulted from the MOL treatment of banana (9,93 ton haˉ¹) and ZPT red union (9,87 ton haˉ¹).

CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF ROAD SIDE STANDING TREES IN KAMAREDDY MUNICIPALITY, TELANGANA, INDIA

In our study of Kamareddy Municipality area, we laid out a 27 sample plots linearly along the road side. 27 sample plots covered about 2.7 ha of land that means each plot size is 0.1 ha. We enumerated 229 number of tree individuals in sampled area. In the 27 sample plots, we calculated 53.5 M3 0f tree volume, mean volume per plot is 1.98 M3 . Total biomass (AGB+BGB) is about 44.7 tones; mean biomass per plot is around 1.65 tones. Total carbon calculated 1.3 tons, mean carbon is 0.78 tones per plot. The total Carbon sequestration potential is 77.9 tones, mean carbon sequestration potential per plot is about 2.88 tones. By the calculations we assumed per hectare volume is 19.81 M3 , biomass is 16.5 tones, carbon stock is 7.88 tones and carbon sequestration potential is 28.85 tons per hectare.