Welcoming What Comes: Sovereignty and Revolution in the Colonial Philippines

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente L. Rafael
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Colonial Rule

After more than three hundred years of colonial rule, Filipinos began a revolution against the Spanish empire in August of 1896. By June of 1898, revolutionary forces had managed to overwhelm the Spaniards who were already reeling from the destruction of their navy in the initial days of their war with the United States and had been fatally weakened by the decade-long revolution in Cuba. In the Philippines, a Revolutionary government was formed under the dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo. It declared independence, convened a convention to write a constitution and briefly succeeded in forming a Republic led by the wealthiest men of the archipelago by January of 1899. But by February, Filipinos were engulfed in a new war against an emergent U.S. empire that was to last through much of the first decade of the twentieth century, leading to U.S. colonization of the Philippines until 1941.

Spatializing Differences

Nuncius ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 754-778
Author(s):  
Dayana Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Mapping of “ethnic” or “racial” groups in the Philippines was an enterprise that was taken up through the direct interventions of the two colonial polities in Filipino history—Spain and the United States. The objective of mapping race or ethnicity in the Philippines was to identify the location of native racial groups for ethnological and administrative purposes. This article intends to explore the relationship between mapping and the scientific conceptualization of race during the changeover in colonial rule by examining two ethnographic maps, specifically the “Blumentritt Map” (1890) and the Atlas de Filipinas (1899). Maps are complex artefacts that can be read on various levels. Thus, the spatializing effects of mapping can extend well beyond the documentation of a geographic reality and capable of altering historical narratives and sociopolitical experiences.

The Anguish of Angola: On Becoming Independent in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
John A. Marcum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Black Africa

As the United States approaches its two-hundredth year of independence, Angola is entering upon its first. Fifteen years after most of Black Africa shed colonial rule, and fourteen after Angolan insurgents shattered the myth of multiracial harmony in Iusophone Africa, a total collapse of Portuguese authority has catapulted Angola to an uncertain nationhood born in chaos and civil war.

scholarly journals Arts & Literature: A Review of the Poetry Book unBuried-unMarked—The unTold Namibian Story of the Genocide of 1904–1908: Pieces and Pains of the Struggle for Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Elise Pape
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
German Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Between 1904 and 1908, about eighty per cent of the Herero and fifty per cent of the Nama perished in what is today known as the first genocide of the twentieth century that took place in today’s Namibia under German colonial rule. Over decades, the German government has not officially recognized the genocide as such. Jephta U. Nguherimo is one of the descendants of survivors of this genocide and today lives in the United States. In his poetry book unBuried-unMarked–The unTold Namibian story of the Genocide of 1904-1908: Pieces and Pains of the Struggle for Justice that he has self-published in 2019, J. Nguherimo gives insights into long-lasting impacts of the Herero and Nama genocide, into ways of dealing with painful memories, and into processes of healing in post-genocidal contexts. This art review gives an overview of the book and discusses main features of this artistic piece: the way the poems are linked to pictures, the use of different languages, the presence of nature or the importance of intergenerational bonds. It reflects on the author’s leitmotiv: dialogue, empathy and compassion, and on the impact these could have had or could have on negotiations between Germany and Namibia on the recognition and reparation of the genocide.

THE PHILIPPINE CURRENCY SYSTEM DURING THE AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD: TRANSFORMATION FROM THE GOLD EXCHANGE STANDARD TO THE DOLLAR EXCHANGE STANDARD

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Nagano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
National Bank ◽  
The Government

This article describes the transformation of the Philippine currency system from a gold exchange standard to a dollar exchange standard during the first half of the twentieth century. During the American colonial period, Philippine foreign trade was closely bound to the United States. In terms of domestic investment, however, it was domestic Filipino or Spanish entrepreneurs and landowners who dominated primary commodity production in the Philippines, rather than American investors. How were both this US-dependent trade structure and the unique production structure of domestic primary commodities reflected in the management of the Philippine currency system? To answer this question, this article first discusses the introduction of the gold standard system in the Philippines in the early twentieth century. Second, the de facto conversion of the Philippine currency system from the gold standard to the dollar exchange standard in the 1920s is described, together with the mismanagement of the currency reserves and the debacle of the Philippine National Bank that functioned as the government depository of the currency reserves in the United States. Third, the formal introduction of the dollar exchange standard during the Great Depression is outlined, a clear example of the dependency of the Philippine currency system on the US in the 1930s.

Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898–1925

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-499
Author(s):  
DANIEL J. P. WERTZ
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Opium Trade ◽  
Tax Farming ◽  
Control Regime

AbstractWhile establishing a framework for colonial governance in the Philippines, American policymakers had to confront the issue of opium smoking, which was especially popular among the Philippine Chinese community. In 1903, the Philippine Commission proposed a return to the Spanish-era policy of controlling the opium trade through tax farming, igniting outrage among American Protestant missionaries in the Philippines and their supporters in the United States. Their actions revived a faltering global anti-opium movement, leading to a series of international agreements and domestic restrictions on opium and other drugs. Focusing mostly on American policy in the Philippines, this paper also examines the international ramifications of a changing drug control regime. It seeks to incorporate the debate over opium policy into broader narratives of imperial ideology, international cooperation, and local responses to colonial rule, demonstrating how a variety of actors shaped the new drug-control regimes both in the Philippines and internationally.

War Plan ORANGE: Evolution of a Strategy

1959 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Morton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
American Military ◽  
World Power ◽  
Civilian Leaders ◽  
War Plan Orange

The emergence of the United States as a world power at the opening of the twentieth century found the nation ill-prepared to assume the burdens imposed by its new status. For American military and naval leaders, possession of an island empire stretching across 7,000 miles of ocean from San Francisco to the Philippines and almost to the mainland of Asia created new and serious problems. Slowly, during the first years of the century, the Army and Navy evolved a military strategy which would ensure the defense of these islands while supporting the foreign policy shaped by the nation's civilian leaders.

Imperial historicism and American military rule in the Philippines' Muslim south

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Military Rule ◽  
American Military ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation

AbstractWhen American imperialists seized the Philippines at the dawning of the twentieth century, their guiding philosophy was predicated upon broadly conceived notions of cultural and political historicism. The unwavering self-assurance required to rule over millions of unfamiliar imperial subjects derived its potency from an unquestioned panoptic view of history. This epistemological tool of imperialism found an especially unique and fascinating expression in the United States' politico-military rule over Filipino Muslims. This article explores the creation and processes of imperial taxonomy among Moro populations while accounting for a number of disturbing disruptions and anomalies in the Americans' historical narrative (such as slavery and Islamic civilisation) that threatened to unravel the tightly circumscribed concept of a uniform and interpretable progressive transitional past. It also examines the ways in which American imperialists accounted for these anomalies, and manipulated their own interpretations of the past and the present to maintain the integrity of their philosophical imperial foundations.

The Anguish of Angola: On Becoming Independent in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
John A. Marcum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Black Africa

As the United States approaches its two-hundredth year of independence, Angola is entering upon its first. Fifteen years after most of Black Africa shed colonial rule, and fourteen after Angolan insurgents shattered the myth of multiracial harmony in Iusophone Africa, a total collapse of Portuguese authority has catapulted Angola to an uncertain nationhood born in chaos and civil war.

Book Review: America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century, International Relations Theory Today, Managing the Welfare State: The Politics of Public Sector Management, The Changing Organisation and Management of Local Government, Inheritance in Public Policy: Change without Choice in Britain, Local Government in the United Kingdom, Political Justice, Early Modern Democracy in the Grisons: Social Order and Political Language in a Swiss Mountain Canton, 1470–1620, Kant's Platonic Revolution in Moral and Political Philosophy, The Sovereign State and its Competitors, Social Movements: Critiques, Concepts, Case-studies, The New Middle Classes: Life-styles, Status Claims and Political Orientations, Group Psychology and Political Theory, Natural Rights and the New Republicanism, American Democracy: Aspects of Practical Liberalism, Civil Rights in the United States, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism, The Flawed Path to the Presidency, 1992: Unfairness and Inequality in the Presidential Selection Process, The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership, Shadows of Hope: A Freethinker's Guide to Politics in the Time of Clinton, Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States and Great Britain, in from the Cold: National Security and Parliamentary Democracy, in the Highest Degree Odious: Detention without Trial in Wartime Britain, The Secret State: British Internal Security in the Twentieth Century, Sport and International Politics, The Passionate Attachment: America's Involvement with Israel, 1947 to the Present, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship, Israel's Border Wars 1949–1956, 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974–1991, Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance, The State, Economic Transformation, and Political Change in the Philippines, 1946–1972, A Captive Land: The Politics of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines, The Philippines in Crisis

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-782
Author(s):  
Laurence Whitehead ◽  
N. J. Rengger ◽  
Doreen McCalla-Chen ◽  
Simon Thompson ◽  
Benjamin R. Barber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Modern Democracy ◽  
Life Styles

Japanese Policy and Views Toward Formosa

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Mendel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
Better Than

Japan controlled Taiwan from 1895 to 1945, longer than the United States ruled the Philippines, and sent more of its people to live in that colony. The pervasive impact of Japanese colonial rule helped insure a continuing Japanese influence in postwar Taiwan. “The dogs treated us better than the pigs,” was a common Formosan phrase heard by the writer in 1961–64 to denote the invidious comparison between Japanese and Nationalist Chinese rule. This article will discuss the trend of official relations between Japan and Nationalist China since their bilateral peace treaty in 1952; Japanese leadership views obtained through interviews with government, opposition, and bureaucratic specialists; and attitudes of public and various interest groups in Japan toward Formosa.

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