scholarly journals VI.—The Boulder-clay of Caithness a Product of Land-ice

1870 ◽  
Vol 7 (72) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Croll
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Do So

We must consider that the ice from Scotland and England was but a fraction of that which entered the North Sea. The greater part of the ice of Scandinavia must have gone into this sea, and if the ice of our island could not find water sufficiently deep in which to float, far less would the much thicker ice of Scandinavia do so. The Scandinavian ice, before it could break up, would thus, like the Scottish ice, have to cross the bed of the North Sea and pass into the Atlantic. It could not pass to the north, nor to the north-west, for the ocean in these directions would be blocked up by the Polar ice.

The case for comparison

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Haour
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
North Western

This chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the comparison of rulers, warriors, traders, and clerics on the central Sahel and the North Sea region. It argues that there was more similarity between north-western Europe and the central Sahel in the few centuries either side of AD 1001 than has hitherto been recognised, and maintains that the nature of the sources has obscured these formative times and left them in the shadow of organised structures. It discusses the interconnectedness of central Sahel and north-west Europe through contacts and shared pre-industrial nature.

“SLIKTRAK”—A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS, CLEANUP, EFFECTS AND ASSOCIATED COSTS

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Blaikley ◽  
G. F. L. Dietzel ◽  
A. W. Glass ◽  
P. J. van Kleef
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Well Location ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Input Variables

ABSTRACT The reasons are introduced for the development of a simulator sufficiently simple to enable weather data normally acquired for E & P operations to be used. “SLIKTRAK,” developed by Shell, applies a slick description and combat concept, developed within the E & P Forum for well blowouts in the North Sea, but applicable to other areas. This concept includes costs for cleanup, damages and the effect of phenomena such as evaporation and natural dispersion. These factors are based on industry experience and vary primarily with sea conditions. The computer programme simulates the continued creation of an oil spill and applies weather data to predict movements of each day's spillage for successive days at sea and quantities of oil left after each day until the oil either disappears or reaches a coastline. Cumulative probability curves for the oil volumes cleaned up, oil arriving at specified shores, total costs, etc., are produced by random selection of input variables such as well location, weather data, the possibility of well bridging etc., and repetition of simulated spill incidents over a large number of cycles. Trace-plots of individual spills may also be generated. In association with the E & P Forum's position as technical advisers to the North West European Civil Liability Convention for Oil Pollution Damage from Offshore Operations, a study based on the North Sea areas has been made. These results and further developments of the program are discussed.

scholarly journals III.—On the Structure of the Valleys of the Blackwater and the Crough, and of the East Essex Gravel, and on the Relation of this Gravel to the Denudation of the Weald

1866 ◽  
Vol 3 (26) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Searles V. Wood
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
The South ◽  
Northern Boundary ◽  
The North ◽  
Complete Order ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
London Clay

In a paper in this Magazine, upon the structure of the Thames Valley, I endeavoured to show that instead of being, as had been asserted, a valley of similar structure to those of the Somme and Seine, and containing deposits of nearly similar order and age, the valley in which the Thames gravel was deposited possessed no outlet to what is now the North Sea, being divided from it by a range of high gravelless country; and that, in lieu of such an outlet, the valley opened, in more than one part, over what is now the bare Chalk country forming the northern boundary of the Valley of the Weald. I also endeavoured to show that all the deposits of the Thames Valley, except the peat and marsh clay, belonged to several successive stages, marking the gradual denudation of the Boulderclay, the lower Bagshot, the London Clay, and the subjacent Tertiaries, which had, at the end of the Glacial period, spread over the south-east of England in a complete order of succession: the sea into which this valley discharged occupying, what is now, the Chalk country of the Counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire, inclusive of the interval subsequently scooped out to form the Valley of the Weald: so that, not only was the latter valley newer than that of the Thames, and of the most recent of the Thames Valley deposits, except the peat and marsh clay, but that these deposits in themselves marked a long descent in time from that comparatively remote period of the Boulder-clay.

Loran-C Chains: Determination of Extent of Cover

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 149-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Woodman ◽  
J. Juleff ◽  
R. A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Geometric Effects

A mainly theoretical study has been undertaken to demonstrate how the extent of cover from a hyperbolic navigation system chain can be evaluated. The impetus for the study was the need to assess how Loran-C could be extended over Western Europe, particularly in the South western Approaches, North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay sea areas.The technique described in this article leads to an accurate determination of the electric field strength at a distance from each transmitting site and takes into account the complexities of the ground-wave propagation path. This field-strength contour is combined with the geometric effects of station siting (expansion factors) to yield a constant S/N contour (–10 dB) which defines the ¼n.m. error and hence the limit of cover for the hyperbolic chain under study.In order to exercise the analytical methods a hypothetical Loran-C chain was studied comprising a master station at Lessay (France), with secondary stations at Soustons (also in France), at Sylt (dual rated; off the North Sea coast of Germany, near the Danish border) and at a fourth station located in north-west Britain on the Hebridean island of Barra. The study indicated that such a hypothetical chain would significantly improve Loran-C cover over much of western Europe.

Coincident changes in four components of the North Sea ecosystem

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.F. Pearce ◽  
C.L.J. Frid
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Chain Links ◽  
Single Set

An analysis of species composition of the zooplankton, macrobenthos (two stations) and demersal fish from Northumberland (north-west North Sea) are reported. The four time-series show synchronous changes in species composition. While some of these changes coincide with changes in climateological variables, others do not. The degree of synchrony implies that either all the time-series are responding to a single set of extraneous forcing factors, or that food chain links, rapidly translate the signal through all ecosystem components.

XIV.—New Records of Polychætes from Scottish Coastal and Offshore Waters

1960 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
East Coast ◽  
New Records ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

SynopsisFrom a faunistic survey in Scottish waters, concentrated mainly in the sea lochs of the north-west coast and in the deep water in the North Sea off the east coast, thirty-two species of polychætes are listed which have not previously been recorded from these areas. Seven of the species are new records for British coastal waters or for the North Sea.

XXII.—Studies on the Scottish Marine Fauna: The Natural Faunistic Divisions of the North Sea as shown by the Quantitative Distribution of the Molluscs

1934 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
German Bight ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Quantitative Distribution ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
The North Sea

With the renewal of activities in Fishery Research, which took place in the lands bordering the North Sea after the War, fresh lines of investigation were introduced. Amongst others, quantitative surveys of the bottom fauna similar to those carried out by Petersen were undertaken by several countries. The southern part of the North Sea was examined by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the results were published by Davis (2, 3). Other work undertaken in the German Bight was published by Hagmeier (6). A small survey was carried out by Petersen (8) in the North Sea off the north-west coast of Denmark. Areas to the north and west of Scotland, as well as the northern half of the North Sea, were surveyed by the Fishery Board for Scotland and a preliminary account published (11). The present paper is, in part, a summary of the results of the survey work carried out by the Fishery Board for Scotland in the northern part of the North Sea during the years 1922-25, supplemented by a subsequent survey of the intertidal areas undertaken privately; in part an analysis of the faunistic divisions of the North Sea based on the distribution of the molluscs, especially lamellibranchs, as recorded in the above papers. So far as the North Sea is concerned, the area covered by the Scottish investigations is bounded on the south approximately by latitude 56° N., and on the east and north by the 200 m. (100 fm.) contour.

Jellyfish abundance and climatic variation: contrasting responses in oceanographically distinct regions of the North Sea, and possible implications for fisheries

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Lynam ◽  
Stephen J. Hay ◽  
Andrew S. Brierley
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Current Strength ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Negative Relationships

Jellyfish medusae prey on zooplankton and may impact fish recruitment both directly (top-down control) and indirectly (through competition). Abundances of Aurelia aurita, Cyanea lamarckii and Cyanea capillata medusae (Scyphozoa) in the North Sea appear to be linked to large-scale inter-annual climatic change, as quantified by the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI), the Barents Sea-Ice Index (BSII) and changes in the latitude of the Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW). Hydroclimatic forcing may thus be an important factor influencing the abundance of gelatinous zooplankton and may modulate the scale of any ecosystem impact of jellyfish. The population responses are probably also affected by local variability in the environment manifested in intra-annual changes in temperature, salinity, current strength/direction and prey abundance. Aurelia aurita and C. lamarckii in the north-west and south-east North Sea exhibited contrasting relationships to change in the NAOI and BSII: north of Scotland, where the North Sea borders the Atlantic, positive relationships were evident between the abundance of scyphomedusae (data from 1974 to 1986, except 1975) and the indices; whereas west of northern Denmark, a region much less affected by Atlantic inflow, negative relationships were found (data from 1973 to 1983, except 1974). Weaker negative relationships with the NAOI were also found in an intermediate region, east of Scotland, for the abundance of A. aurita and C. capillata medusae (1971 to 1982). East of Shetland, the abundance of jellyfish was not correlated directly with the NAOI but, in contrast to all other regions, the abundances of A. aurita and C. lamarckii (1971 to 1986, not 1984) were found to correlate negatively with changes in the GSNW, which itself was significantly positively correlated to the NAOI with a two year lag. On this evidence, we suggest that, for jellyfish, there exist three regions of the North Sea with distinct environmental processes governing species abundance: one north of Scotland, another east of Shetland, and a more southerly group (i.e. east of Scotland and west of northern Denmark). Impacts by jellyfish are likely to vary regionally, and ecosystem management may benefit from considering this spatial variability.

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