An Aspect of Muslim–Jewish Relations in Late Nineteenth-Century Morocco: A European Diplomatic View

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leland Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Religious Book ◽  
Freedom Of Action ◽  
Complex Subject

The question of the relations between Muslims and Jews in late niineteenth-Century Morocco is a fascinating and complex subject. Much has been written about the discrimination which most members of the Jewish community in Morocco experienced at the hands of the Muslims. That the Muslim Majority regarded the Jewish minority as inferiors cannot be denied. Historically, Islamic governments have relegated Christians and Jews to a lower status asahl'l-kitâbor ‘People of the Book’, who possessed a religious book, although not the religious book. In the case of Morocco the Jews found their freedom of action circumscribed by certain regulations. First of all, in return for the payment of a poll tax, thejizya, the sultan guaranteed Jewish life and property. In areas which were beyond government control, Jews fell under the patronage of powerful figures in their regions. Secondly, their testimony was considered invalid in Muslim courts. Thirdly, they were compelled, quite frequently, to wear special clothing and to remove their shoes when passing in front of mosques. Fourthly, Jews were often not permitted to carry arms or ride horses. And lastly, the display of a properly respectful attitude toward Muslims was expected.

Sikh Nationalism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurharpal Singh ◽  
Giorgio Shani
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Nationalism ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Integrated Methodology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Symbolic Approach ◽  
Complex Subject

This important volume provides a clear, concise and comprehensive guide to the history of Sikh nationalism from the late nineteenth century to the present. Drawing on A. D. Smith's ethno-symbolic approach, Gurharpal Singh and Giorgio Shani use a new integrated methodology to understanding the historical and sociological development of modern Sikh nationalism. By emphasising the importance of studying Sikh nationalism from the perspective of the nation-building projects of India and Pakistan, the recent literature on religious nationalism and the need to integrate the study of the diaspora with the Sikhs in South Asia, they provide a fresh approach to a complex subject. Singh and Shani evaluate the current condition of Sikh nationalism in a globalised world and consider the lessons the Sikh case offers for the comparative study of ethnicity, nations and nationalism.

Introduction

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Jewish population of Poland–Lithuania. During the years of its flourishing, it gave rise to a unique religious and secular culture in Hebrew and Yiddish and enjoyed an unprecedented degree of self-government. Even after the upheavals which marked the beginning of the downfall of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Jewish community continued to grow and even to recover some of its vitality. In the late eighteenth century these lands saw the birth and development of hasidism, an innovative revivalist movement, which was eventually to win the allegiance of a large proportion of the Jewish population and which remains very much alive in the Jewish world today. The partitions of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century and again in 1815 divided Polish Jewry between the tsarist, Habsburg, and Prussian states. In all these areas, and particularly in the Pale of Settlement, the late nineteenth century saw the appearance and increasing ascendancy of ethnic and national conceptions of Jewish self-identification, in particular Zionism and Jewish autonomism.

scholarly journals After the Holocaust: The History of Jewish Life in West Germany

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL L. MENG
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
East European ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of

In July 1945, Rabbi Leo Baeck remarked that the Third Reich had destroyed the historical basis of German Jewry. ‘The history of Jews in Germany has found its end. It is impossible for it to come back. The chasm is too great’. Heinz Galinski, a survivor of Auschwitz who led West Berlin’s Jewish community until his death in 1992, could not have disagreed more strongly. ‘I have always held the view’, he observed, ‘that the Wannsee Conference cannot be the last word in the life of the Jewish community in Germany’. As these diverging views suggest, opting to live in the ‘land of the perpetrators’ represented both an unthinkable and a realistic choice. In the decade after the Holocaust, about 12,000 German-born Jews opted to remain in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and comprised about half of its Jewish community. Rooted in the German language and typically married to non-Jewish spouses, they still had some connections to Germany. xSuch cultural and personal ties did not exist for the other half of West Germany’s Jewish community – its East European Jews. Between 1945 and 1948, 230,000 Jews sought refuge in occupied Germany from the violent outbursts of antisemitism in eastern Europe. Although by 1949 only 15,000 East European Jews had taken permanent residence in the FRG, those who stayed behind profoundly impacted upon Jewish life. More religiously devout than their German-Jewish counterparts, they developed a rich cultural tradition located mostly in southern Germany. But their presence also complicated Jewish life. From the late nineteenth century, relations between German and East European Jews historically were tense and remained so in the early postwar years; the highly acculturated German Jews looked down upon their less assimilated, Yiddish-speaking brothers. In the first decade after the war, integrating these two groups emerged as one of the most pressing tasks for Jewish community leaders.

The Closure of the Volozhin Yeshiva

2012 ◽  
pp. 190-252
Author(s):  
Shaul Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Government

This chapter analyses the developments that brought about the Volozhin yeshiva's closure. It reveals surprising conclusions that illuminate both the yeshiva's internal politics in the late nineteenth century and its precarious status. The ostensible reason for the closure of the yeshiva was its refusal to accept the government demand for far-reaching changes in the curriculum so as to incorporate secular studies and to devote a significant number of hours to these studies. However, it is highly probable that this was not the real reason. The chapter draws from the archives of the former Soviet Union to conduct an examination of internal government documents from the tsarist period. These archives can reveal more about what really motivated the authorities in various episodes affecting the Jewish community. The chapter shows that the authorities knew a great deal about the internal affairs of the yeshiva, and certainly far more than most Jews ever imagined.

Abraham Dweck Hakohen (Khalousi): The Last Ḥakham Bashi Born in Aleppo

2015 ◽  
pp. 112-143
Author(s):  
Yaron Harel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Community Leadership ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clear Goal

This chapter details the transformations that took place in the Jewish community of Aleppo during the final decade of the nineteenth century and the controversy over the removal of Rabbi Abraham Dweck Hakohen from his office as ḥakham bashi. Socio-economic transformations in late nineteenth-century Aleppo, including the emergence of a prosperous and educated middle class and the decline of the class of wealthy householders upon which the institution of the rabbinate had relied for many generations, created an urgent need for a comprehensive reorganization of community leadership and institutions. The ascent of new forces within society, the distress of the weaker classes, and the decline in influence of those families who had constituted the old leadership all led to unrest throughout the Jewish public and a widespread desire for participation in running the affairs of the community. In practice, then, the deposing of the ḥakham bashi served a clear goal: to limit the power of the individual holding that office and to transfer some of it into the hands of the steering committee. This being so, the removal from office of Rabbi Abraham Dweck Hakohen can be seen as representing a revolution in the order of communal leadership, not merely the result of intrigue and conspiracy based upon personal hostility.

Ideology and Experience

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
East European ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Dreyfus Affair ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
European Standards

In this analysis of racism in late nineteenth-century France, anti-Semitism is studied in its social context as an indicator and symptom of social change. The author provides a more general analysis of anti-Semitic ideology in France, and the book concludes with a study of the Jewish response to this challenge. The book focuses on antisemitism in France at the time of the Dreyfus Affair. This upsurge of antisemitism occurred in a country which had a very small Jewish community, by Central and East European standards, and the “autonomous” aspect of antisemitism, its general social function as an ideology, is thus more evident.

From the “Man of Jerusalem” to the Beit El Yeshiva: Late Nineteenth Century Rabbinic Leadership in the Jewish Community of Tripoli

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-116
Author(s):  
Ronel Atia
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Spiritual Leader ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Land Of Israel

Abstract This article details a polemic among the rabbinical leadership of the Jewish community of Tripoli, Libya, in the late nineteenth century. At stake was an initiative of the community’s spiritual leader, Rabbi Eliyahu Bechor Hazzan, to change the traditional educational system to include secular topics and foreign language. The communal rabbis who opposed the idea wrote the rabbinical leadership of Jerusalem, requesting support in overturning Rabbi Hazzan’s proposal. This study details the issues at stake in this aspect of the infiltration of modernism into Jewish communities in Muslim countries and presents the letter written to the rabbinic authorities of the land of Israel that led Rabbi Hazzan to abandon his initiative and, later, to resign from his leadership post.

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