Sikh Nationalism

This important volume provides a clear, concise and comprehensive guide to the history of Sikh nationalism from the late nineteenth century to the present. Drawing on A. D. Smith's ethno-symbolic approach, Gurharpal Singh and Giorgio Shani use a new integrated methodology to understanding the historical and sociological development of modern Sikh nationalism. By emphasising the importance of studying Sikh nationalism from the perspective of the nation-building projects of India and Pakistan, the recent literature on religious nationalism and the need to integrate the study of the diaspora with the Sikhs in South Asia, they provide a fresh approach to a complex subject. Singh and Shani evaluate the current condition of Sikh nationalism in a globalised world and consider the lessons the Sikh case offers for the comparative study of ethnicity, nations and nationalism.

Model pendidikan nasionalis-religius Yahudi, dan refleksinya dalam pendidikan teologi di Indonesia

This paper examines the practice of teaching and learning in the education system in Israel and its central role in shaping students' national insight. The method used is a characteristic-thinking analysis which is reported qualitatively descriptively. The analysis results show that the Israeli education system based on religious teachings has succeeded in forming the national insight and spirit of nationalism of students, which is then referred to as religious nationalism. Through the Havruta system or learning in pairs, each student is guided to find the meaning of the text and apply the text in the practice of living within the framework of national identity. This study proposes that the Indonesian theological education system needs to develop a similar model within the Indonesian context. Further research is needed to develop typical Indonesian models to produce Christian theologians integrated as salt and light in maintaining Indonesian identity.AbstrakPaper ini mengkaji praktik belajar mengajar di dalam sistem pendidikan di Israel dan peran sentralnya di dalam membentuk wawasan kebangsaan peserta didik. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah cirical-thinking analysis yang dilaporkan secara kualitatif-deskriptif. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa sistem pendidikan Israel yang berbasis pada ajaran agama berhasil membentuk wawasan kebangsaan dan semangat nasionalisme peserta didik yang kemudian disebut sebagai nasionalisme-religius. Melalui sistem Havruta atau belajar berpasangan, setiap siswa dituntun menemukan makna teks dan menerapkan teks tersebut di dalma praktik kehidupan dalam kerangka identitas nasional. Penelitian ini mengusulkan bahwa sistem pendidikan teologi Indonesia perlu mengembangkan model serupa tetapi di dalam konteks keindonesiaan. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengembangkan model-model khas Indonesia untuk menghasilkan teolog Kristen yang terintegrasi sebagai garam dan terang di dalam mempertahankan identitas keindonesiaan.

Conclusion

This concluding chapter reflects on the decline of Christianity in Ireland. The Irish experience of secularization was sudden, shocking, and decisive. On both sides of the border, the tipping point may have occurred in the mid-1990s. In the north, the peace process led to sustained efforts to de-politicize religious identity, as weekly church attendance declined. In the Republic, popular culture internationalized, reflecting stronger links with the USA, an influence that was noticed in the changing accents of middle-class young people as much as in the cosmopolitan values they increasingly espoused. The grip of Catholic social teaching then began to relax, and this relaxation was symbolized by the changing status of contraception. In addition, the moral authority of the Church, which had so profoundly shaped the self-consciousness of the Republic as to become almost invisible, was shattered by a devastating sequence of scandals. These scandals include churchmen having secret families, financial misconduct, and child abuse. Ultimately, the institutions that had been inspired by Catholic religious nationalism had betrayed both church and nation. Christian Ireland was dead and gone, and Catholic politicians had killed it. The chapter then considers the possible future of Christianity in Ireland.

Comments on the Contributors

In this essay, I comment on the contributions of the six authors who have critically reflected on my notion of a ‘Catholic Modernity’ from their own perspectives. Selecting particular issues from these authors to comment on was challenging due to the richness of each contribution. I comment, among others, on the crucial question of religious violence and intolerance in our world and the related issue of how to deal with pluralism among and within religions: we can no longer identify a particular religion with “its” civilization or nation, be it in the form of Christendom, Islamicate, or religious nationalism.

Nationalism and Islam in Religious Learning: Optimization of Insan Kamil Character Building

<p>This study aims to explain that religious learning held in public schools is able to instill the values of nationalism and Islam, thus forming the character of students of <em>insan kamil</em>. This theory refutes the opinion which states that religious education creates civic conflict and cannot be a complement to civic education. This research complements several previous studies by adding research on Rohis<em> </em>(spiritual learning program) as part of religious learning in public schools. The research method used is a mix-method research with qualitative analysis and a sociological approach. The conclusion of this study is that religious learning, both in terms of material and methodology, is able to instill the value of religious-nationalism. The internalization of the values of nationalism-religion is applied in PAI (Islamic) learning in the classroom which is guided by teachers, and religious learning in Rohis which is guided by mentors</p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bahwa pembelajaran agama yang diselenggarakan di sekolah umum mampu menanamkan nilai-nilai nasionalisme dan Islam, sehingga membentuk karakter peserta didik yang insan kamil. Teori ini membantah pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa pendidikan agama berpotensi melahirkan konflik kewarganegaraan dan tidak mampu menjadi komplemen pendidikan kewarganegaraan. Penelitian ini melengkapi beberapa penelitian terdahulu dengan menambahkan penelitian pada pembelajaran Rohis sebagai bagian dari pembelajaran agama di sekolah umum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah mix-method research dengan analisis kualitatif dan pendekatan sosiologi pendidikan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa pembelajaran agama, baik dari segi materi dan metodologinya mampu menanamkan nilai nasionalisme-religius. Internalisasi nilai nasionalisme-religius ini diterapkan dalam pembelajaran PAI di kelas yang dibimbing oleh guru dan pembelajaran agama di Rohis yang dibimbing oleh para mentor</em>

A Balinese ‘Call to Prayer’: Sounding Religious Nationalism and Local Identity in the Puja Tri Sandhya

This article examines the Puja Tri Sandhya, a Balinese Hindu prayer that has been broadcast into the soundscape of Bali since 2001. By charting the development of the prayer, this paper summarizes the religious politics of post-independence Indonesia, which called for the Balinese to adopt the Puja Tri Sandhya as a condition for religious legitimacy in the new nation. The Puja Tri Sandhya is likened to a Balinese “call to prayer” and compared to Muslim and Christian soundings of religion in the archipelago to assert how these broadcasts sonically reify the national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (“Unity in Diversity”), and participate in a sounding of religious nationalism. Although these broadcasts are evidence of a state-sponsored form of religiosity, interviews concerning the degree to which individuals practice the Puja Tri Sandhya point to an element of secularism and position the prayer as an example that challenges the religion versus secularism dichotomy in studies of religious nationalism. This article also examines the sonic components of the Puja Tri Sandhya (when it is sounded, the vocal style, and the gender wayang and genta bell accompaniment), to argue how these elements infuse this invented display of religiosity with authority and facilitate a mediation between technology, space, and local identity. Exploration of the gender wayang accompaniment in particular, further confirms the contrived nature of the Puja Tri Sandhya and demonstrates how technologies used to broadcast the prayer have had a significant impact on the gender wayang musical tradition.

Religion at the Frontline: How Religion Influenced the Response of Local Government Officials to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Frontline officials (such as mayors and commissioners) are responsible for local-level responses to the COVID-19 pandemic across the United States. Their actions and attitudes, either in support of or opposition to public health recommendations, have resulted in widespread variation in local-level pandemic response. Despite evidence that religion significantly impacts the general public’s response to the pandemic, the influence of religion on officials’ behaviors and attitudes is unknown. Using a unique, two-wave, representative survey of frontline officials, we examine how religion influenced officials’ reported personal health behaviors (mask wearing, social distancing) and attitudes toward institutional reopenings. Results show high levels of compliance with public health recommendations, but religious nationalism negatively influences all outcomes. Other religious factors, like affiliation and attendance, vary in their influence and even work differently among officials compared to the general public. Frontline officials are key for understanding how religion influences the pandemic and state action more generally.

Chachnama Discourse: The Dichotomy of Islamic Origins in South Asia

The common narrative of the arrival of Islam in South Asia is shaping contemporary discourse on religious nationalism in the subcontinent. However, this common narrative tends to marginalise the origins of Shias in the region. The study employs the critical theory of New Historicism to trace the historiography of the text in context to the schism among Muslims and discusses the ways in which it participates with only the Sunni origins in the region which are in stark contrast to the Shia origins. Therefore, the paper introspects upon whether Chachnama exclusively a Sunni perspective of the conquest. The findings indicate the marginalisation of Shias in the collective narrative of Muslim origins in South Asia.