The GREAT FIRE OF 1660 AND THE ISLAMIZATION OF CHRISTIAN AND JEWISH SPACE IN ISTANBUL

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc David Baer
Keyword(s):  
Fire Spread ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
North West ◽  
Dark Night ◽  
Black Smoke ◽  
Golden Horn ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
The City

On 24 July 1660, a great conflagration broke out in Istanbul. An Ottoman writer conveys the horror of the event: “[t]housands of homes and households burned with fire. And in accordance with God's eternal will, God changed the distinguishing marks of night and day by making the very dark night luminous with flames bearing sparks, and darkening the light-filled day with black smoke and soot.” The fire began in a store that sold straw products outside the appropriately named Firewood Gate (Odun kapısı) west of Eminönü, and it devastated densely crowded neighborhoods consisting of wooden homes. The strong winds of Istanbul caused the fire to spread violently in all directions, despite the efforts of the deputy grand vizier (kaimmakam) and others who attempted the impossible task of holding it back with hooks, axes, and water carriers. Sultan Mehmed IV's boon companion and chronicler, Abdi Paşa, notes that the fire marched across the city like an invading army: the flames “split into divisions, and every single division, by the decree of God, spread to a different district.” The fire spread north, west, and to Unkapanı. According to Mehmed Halife, in Süleymaniye the spires of the four minarets of the great mosque burned like candles. The blaze reached Bayezid and then moved south and west to Davud Paşa, Kumkapı, and even as far west as Samatya. The flames did not spare the Hippodrome (At Meydanı) in the east or Mahmud Paşa and the markets at the center of the peninsula, either. Abdi Paşa estimated that the fire reduced 280,000 households to ashes as the city burned for exactly forty-nine hours. Two-thirds of Istanbul was destroyed in the conflagration, and as many as 40,000 people lost their lives. Although fire was a frequent occurrence in 17th-century Istanbul, this was the worst the city had ever experienced. Thousands died in the plague that followed the fire as rats feasted on unburied corpses and spread disease. Because three months prior to this fire a conflagration had broken out in the heart of the district of Galata, across the Golden Horn from Eminönü, much of the city lay in ruins in the summer of 1660.

Climax of the War

2021 ◽  
pp. 246-292
Author(s):  
James Howard-Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Lake Van ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
North West ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
Golden Horn ◽  
The City

The initiative swung back to the Persians in 626. Two Persian armies attacked, Shahrbaraz driving Heraclius from Lake Van back to the Anatolian plateau, Shahen advancing across Transcaucasia. Shahrbaraz pressed on to the Bosporus, for a planned joint attack with the Avars on Constantinople. In the event, the Persian contingent was intercepted on the Bosporus, which left siege operations entirely in Avar hands. The huge host which they had assembled assaulted the city for ten days (29 July–7 August), deploying a full array of siege engines by land and Slav naval forces on the Golden Horn, but they could not breach the defences and withdrew on 8 August. Meanwhile, the Turks had invaded the Persian north-west across the Caucasus, and Heraclius, who had veered north on reaching Anatolia, had intercepted and destroyed Shahen’s army.

scholarly journals Organizacja rzemiosła i handlu w gminie ormiańskiej w Stanisławowie w XVII i XVIII wieku

Lehahayer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 43-69
Author(s):  
Andrzej Gliński
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Dried Fish ◽  
The City

Organization of crafts and trade in the Armenian commune inStanisławów in the 17th and 18th centuries “Orientalization” of artistic taste, which could be observed in 17thcenturyPoland, contributed to the development of crafts and trade in Stanisławów.The owners of the city, the Potocki family, were aware of the benefits that the Armeniansettlement carried. In the second half of the 17th and throughout the 18thcentury, a dozen or so Armenian merchant families from Stanisławów occupiedthemselves with trade in Wallachian and Moldavian farms. Both of these countriesplayed a significant role in the transit of goods from the East. In the last decadesof the 17th century, Stanisławów to some extent replaced in oriental trade KamieniecPodolski, which was then under the Turkish rule. In the 18th century, themain subject of trade for Stanisławów Armenians became oxen and horses, importedfrom Moldova via Pokucie, and then driven to markets in Lublin, Warsawand Gdańsk, or to Silesia. Several Armenian families from Stanisławów also tradedin dried fish from the Danube, morocco leather, silk and wine imported fromHungary. In the second half of the 18th century, trade in textiles and products of Armenian furriery in Stanisławów regressed due to being cut off from the marketsafter the first partition of Poland.

scholarly journals Rotunda na Kopcu Krakusa?

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 291-313
Author(s):  
Leszek P. Słupecki
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
The City

The paper focuses on the question of a mysterious building on the top of Krakus burial mound (Cracow, Poland) which was documented on some engravings from the late 16th and 17th century presenting panoramas of the city of Cracow (Matthäus Merian, 1617; and Eric Dahlberg, 1655). On the Swedish map from 1702 the top of the mound is already empty. The hypothesis is that probably a small Romanesque rotunda stood there. The facility established over a big burial mound resembles the case of St. Nicholas (Sv. Nikola) church in Nin (Croatia) which is an early Romanesque rotunda (triconchos)  rom ca. 1100 AD which stands till today on the top of a prehistoric mound. In Cracow excavation done on Krakus mound in 30ties eventually revealed a negative of destroyed foundations od the rotunda, which remained uninterpreted.

scholarly journals Evaluasi jenis dan pola penanaman tanaman di median Jalan Ir. Soekarno Kota Saumlaki, Maluku Tenggara Barat

2020 ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Merlin F. A. Lerebulan ◽  
I Gusti Agung Ayu Rai Asmiwyati ◽  
I Made Sukewijaya
Keyword(s):  
Public Works ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Samanea Saman ◽  
The City ◽  
Assessment Result

Evaluation of type and planting system at the median road of Ir. SoekarnoMedian strips the City of Saumlaki, Maluku Tenggara Barat. Planting plants in the median strip Ir. Soekarno was dominated by Trembesi trees (Samanea saman) with tree branches that grew beyond the median strip. It was quite dangerous for road users because the Trembesi trees can easily be fallen when exposed to strong winds. Despite its problems, the Trembesi tree had ecological potential benefits such as the highest oxygen-producing and pollutant-absorbing capacity. This study aims to determine and evaluate the types of plants in terms of the physical categories and functions of plants and spacing. This study was located in Ir. Soekarno Road, South Tanimbar District, Town of Saumlaki, Maluku Tenggara Barat Regency. The standard of assesment for median road plant used The Guidelines Regulation of Public Works Minister 2008. Survey method with quantitative descriptive approach was used was this study by taking four samples of the median road segment. The physical assessment results for the four samples varied, those were moderate, good, and very good. The assessment result of functions in each segment had been fulfilled the categories with good and very good criteria, howevere the function needs to be improved. The value of distance assessment for each segment varied, those were good and very good. In order to increase plant distance category, it was necessary to add plants in each segment.

scholarly journals All Together Now: Using Conversational Analysis and Muted Group Theory to Understand Gendered Classroom Discourse in a Cameroonian Primary Classroom

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson Jule
Keyword(s):  
Group Theory ◽  
Classroom Discourse ◽  
Classroom Talk ◽  
Learning Situation ◽  
Conversational Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
Gendered Space ◽  
Muted Group ◽  
Muted Group Theory ◽  
The City

Using Conversational Analysis (Jefferson, 2004) and Ardener’s (2005) Muted Group Theory, this paper explores classroom data from an African classroom through the sociolinguistic lens of ‘gendered linguistic space’. Emphasis here is on one small village primary school in the rural area surrounding the city of Bamenda, North West, Cameroon and the embodiment of learning displayed by both boys and girls in this learning situation. Reflecting on an African classroom opens up necessary possibilities of understanding what occurs in classroom lessons around the world and ever-new ways of understanding how classroom talk impacts the learning environment in various cultural contexts. In particular, the use of choral responses heavily used in African education challenges current pedagogical ideas concerning classroom talk by offering a less gendered space to engage with learning.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Klobučarić’s Depictions of the Kvarner Littoral

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (30) ◽  
pp. 46-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivka Kljajić ◽  
Miljenko Lapaine
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Entire Collection ◽  
The City ◽  
Life Work

Ivan Klobučarić was one of the most important Croatian cartographers at the turn of the 17th century. In 1579 he produced a panorama of Rijeka which is kept in the War Archives (Kriegsarchiv) in Vienna. The Styrian Provincial Archives (Steiermärkische Landesarchiv) in Graz houses a map of the Bay of Rijeka with a panorama of the city dated 1586, attributed to Klobučarić. His cartographic legacy created between 1601 and 1605 can be found in the Clobucciarich – Skizzen collection. It comprises 108 sheets. Most are double-sided. Some pages show two or more items, so that the entire collection includes around 500 cartographic depictions. In terms of western Croatia, there are about twenty. This paper provides a list of the contents of Klobučarić’s cartographic depictions relating to the area of Croatia. A sketch of the Kvarner Littoral from Rijeka to Sveti Juraj with the mainland hinterland is described, with a map of parts of Croatia from Rijeka to Omiš with the mainland hinterland. An analysis was conducted of the contents of the parts of the sketch and map showing the Kvarner Littoral, comparing the representation of settlements showed and those omitted, with toponyms on the map and those shown on earlier maps of the Kvarner Littoral. The paper indicates errors in previous works about Klobučarić’s life, work and cartographic activities.

Katherine’s Secrets

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-74
Author(s):  
Christine Froula
Keyword(s):  
War Journalism ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
The City ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Room Of One's Own

When Mansfield offered Woolf ‘scrupulously truthful’ friendship – ‘the freedom of the city without any reserves at all’ – Woolf had already playfully described her as ‘utterly unscrupulous’. Attacking ‘the same job’ of creating a new postwar aesthetics, they shared ‘priceless talk’ about their ‘precious art’ even as their friendship foundered in distance, absence, ‘quicksands’ of insincerity, misunderstandings, secrets, silences – reserves of all sorts. This essay considers this competitive, irreplaceable literary friendship through the veil of Katherine’s secrets, things we see that Virginia evidently couldn’t, or could see only after Mansfield’s death: Mansfield’s 1919 letters about Night and Day; her ‘doubtful’ unsigned 1920 review of it, ‘A Tragic Comedienne’; her 1915 war story, ‘An Indiscreet Journey’, unpublished until after her death, and its resonances with Colette’s war journalism; the open secrets of her posthumously published Doves’ Nest and Journal, which flow into Woolf’s creation of The Waves. Whether Mansfield’s mercurial ‘we’ voices their ‘public of two’, her exclusive alliance with Murry against Bloomsbury, or their postwar generation’s ‘change of heart’, her work, talk, and thought participate in – and even inspire – that ‘thinking in common’ Woolf theorises in A Room of One’s Own and abstracts as ‘the life of anybody’ in The Waves.

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