SEEING THE BELLY DANCE AS A FEMINIST POSSIBILITY: GAZE, GENDER AND PUBLIC SPACE IN ISTANBUL

This paper discusses the ancient form of belly dance as an example to speak more in depth about the public spaces of Istanbul, where the female body is constantly under surveillance by the male gaze. Over thousands of years, the ancient dance form of belly dance has been transformed from a collective women’s ritual to a form of entertainment that serves the male gaze. This paper looks for the possibilities tore-define belly dance as a feminist counter strategy to revive its essence. Framed by the Muted Group Theory, this paper also exemplifies various artworks and strategies produced by female artists and analyze them in the light of this theory. It also searches for redefining the belly dance as part of a feminist identity and asks whether these artistic strategies could be pathways in re-defining belly dance as a feminist practice. KeywordsFeminism. Public Space. Belly Dance. Muted Group. Gender.

Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Kelompok Waria Pesantren

Tranvestites as one part of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) can be categorized as a muted group. They get discrimination and rejection in their activities. When they wanted to pray they were rejected by society. There is a group of transvestites who took the initiative to establish a pesantren in Yogyakarta that allows transvestites to do their spiritual activities. This research wants to know the perception of village people to the transvestites group in Yogyakarta. The purpose of this study is to find out the perception of village people to the transvestites group in pesantren Yogyakarta. The theories used in this study are the theory of communication and culture, perception and factors of the forming perception, muted group, transvestites and Javanese Islamic culture. The study uses phenomenology methods and features a descriptive approach. Research data is obtained from depth interviews on nine interviewees, observations, document studies and literature studies. The conclusion of this research is the perception of village people to the transvestites group of pesantren tends to be negative perception. The women villagers felt disturbed because there were members of the transvestites group who joined the women section while praying in the mosque. And this made the village people uncomfortable with the existence of a group of transvestites in the villages. The village people believe a concept that in the world there are only men and women, while the concept of transvestites is still gray in society. Waria merupakan bagian dari Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) dan termasuk dalam kategori kelompok bungkam. Waria kerap mendapat diskriminasi dan penolakan dalam melakukan kegiatan termasuk ketika ingin beribadah. Namun, terdapat kelompok waria yang berinisiatif mendirikan pesantren yang menampung waria agar dapat menjalankan aktivitas spiritual seperti masyarakat pada umumnya. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui persepsi masyarakat kampung di Yogyakarta terhadap kelompok waria yang beribadah di pesantren. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi masyarakat kampung terhadap kelompok waria di pesantren. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori komunikasi dan budaya, persepsi dan faktor-faktor pembentuk persepsi, kelompok bungkam, waria dan budaya Islam Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode fenomenologi dan dilengkapi pendekatan deskriptif. Data penelitian diperoleh dari wawancara terhadap sembilan narasumber, pengamatan, studi dokumen dan studi kepustakaan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah persepsi masyarakat kampung terhadap kelompok waria pesantren cenderung negatif. Warga kampung yang merupakan perempuan merasa risih dengan adanya waria yang bergabung di bagian perempuan saat beribadah di masjid. Kondisi ini membuat masyarakat kampung tidak nyaman dengan keberadaan kelompok waria di kampung tersebut. Masyarakat kampung mempercayai konsep yang bahwa di dunia hanya terdapat laki-laki dan perempuan, sedangkan konsep waria masih abu-abu di masyarakat luas.

Perempuan, Media dan Profesi Jurnalis

Tahun 2018, reformasi di Tanah Air memasuki usia 20 tahun. Era dimana kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi hadir hampir di setiap sudut kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia. Namun kondisi ini rupanya tidak sepenuhnya dialami jurnalis perempuan. Pandangan bahwa pekerjaan ini lebih cocok untuk laki-laki masih tampak dengan lebih banyaknya jumlah jurnalis pria dibandingkan perempuan. Penelitian ini ingin melihat perbedaan perlakuan perusahaan media terhadap jurnalis perempuan di dunia kerja dan bagaimana jurnalis perempuan berupaya untuk memperjuangkan nasibnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep gender dan muted group theory. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan melakukan wawancara kepada tiga jurnalis dari tiga media cetak nasional sebagai tehnik pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masih dominannya jurnalis laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan di sektor media dan sedikitnya jurnalis perempuan yang berada di jajaran puncak manajemen. Perbedaan perlakuan dalam hal fasilitas pekerjaan pun masih dijumpai, misalnya saja fasilitas kesehatan, tunjangan keluarga yang diperoleh dikaitkan dengan status single walaupun sudah berkeluarga.

All Together Now: Using Conversational Analysis and Muted Group Theory to Understand Gendered Classroom Discourse in a Cameroonian Primary Classroom

Using Conversational Analysis (Jefferson, 2004) and Ardener’s (2005) Muted Group Theory, this paper explores classroom data from an African classroom through the sociolinguistic lens of ‘gendered linguistic space’. Emphasis here is on one small village primary school in the rural area surrounding the city of Bamenda, North West, Cameroon and the embodiment of learning displayed by both boys and girls in this learning situation. Reflecting on an African classroom opens up necessary possibilities of understanding what occurs in classroom lessons around the world and ever-new ways of understanding how classroom talk impacts the learning environment in various cultural contexts. In particular, the use of choral responses heavily used in African education challenges current pedagogical ideas concerning classroom talk by offering a less gendered space to engage with learning.

Silencing the Silence: A Study of Women at Workplace

This paper highlights the extent of women marginalization through silencing their voices at workplaces in the Pashtun society. Using the construct "muted group" theory a qualitative study of the participants with ages between 25 and 32 at Abdul Wali Khan Universy, Mardan (Pakistan) was undertaken. The analysis of response reveals that both males and females work equally, share equal work load, and can perform their duties well together. It is significant that despite the appearance of unbiased equal treatment to males and females the societal biases effect a reality that is contradictory to the facade of equality. The study established that males make use of authoritative language because of which females feel reluctant to share their thoughts openly due to the fear of being rejected at the work place. They conform to male domination and in this way appease the macho ego of males. Moreover, females are often made fun of when they talk; consequently they choose to remain silent. This marginalization explains why men think that women cannot share their thoughts clearly or cannot speak logically without realizing that there is something wrong with the way they deal with women.

Seeing the Belly Dance as a Feminist Possibility: Gaze, Gender and Public Space in İstanbul

This paper discusses the ancient form of belly dance as an example to speak more in depth about the public spaces of Istanbul, where the female body is constantly under surveillance by the male gaze. Over thousands of years, the ancient dance form of belly dance has been transformed from a collective women’s ritual to a form of entertainment that serves the male gaze. This paper looks for the possibilities tore-define belly dance as a feminist counter strategy to revive its essence. Framed by the Muted Group Theory, this paper also exemplifies various artworks and strategies produced by female artists and analyze them in the light of this theory. It also searches for redefining the belly dance as part of a feminist identity and asks whether these artistic strategies could be pathways in re-defining belly dance as a feminist practice.

Seeing the Belly Dance as a Feminist Possibility: Gaze, Gender and Public Space in İstanbul

This paper discusses the ancient form of belly dance as an example to speak more in depth about the public spaces of Istanbul, where the female body is constantly under surveillance by the male gaze. Over thousands of years, the ancient dance form of belly dance has been transformed from a collective women’s ritual to a form of entertainment that serves the male gaze. This paper looks for the possibilities tore-define belly dance as a feminist counter strategy to revive its essence. Framed by the Muted Group Theory, this paper also exemplifies various artworks and strategies produced by female artists and analyze them in the light of this theory. It also searches for redefining the belly dance as part of a feminist identity and asks whether these artistic strategies could be pathways in re-defining belly dance as a feminist practice.

Dekonstruksi Bingkai Dominasi Maskulin Dalam Buku 'Act Like A Lady Think Like A Man'

This research is a study of a self – help book, titled Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man by Steve Harvey. It is a best seller book and was adapted into a movie titled Think Like a Man. Problem arises because the book contains of masculine dominance while its main reades are women. Masculine domination in the romantic relationship can potentially cause harm such as male violence against women. This study aimed to describe the framing of masculine domination in this book and explained the background of the dominant ideology behind it. The analyzes were performed by critical paradigm and Robert Entman’s framing method. Muted Group Theory is used as a theory that explains the influence phenomenon of patriarchal ideology and book Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man to romantic relationship. The result shows the presence of masculine dominance in the terms of think and act in every chapter of the book and even though feminine – feminine value was found, it couldn’t speak out loud because it was built under the concept of patriarchy.Keywords: Domination, Masculine, Patriarchy, Gender, Self-Help ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merupakan kajian yang dilakukan pada buku teks populer jenis self – help karya Steve Harvey berjudul Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man. Buku tersebut memperoleh predikat sebagai best seller dan diadaptasi menjadi sebuah film layar lebar berjudul Think Like a Man. Persoalan muncul karena buku ini mengandung dominasi maskulin dengan pembaca utamanya adalah wanita. Dominasi maskulin dalam romantic relationship dapat membahayakan karena berpotensi menimbulkan kekerasan pria terhadap wanita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pembingkaian dominasi maskulin dalam buku Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man dan menjelaskan latar belakang ideologi dominan di baliknya. Analisa dilakukan dengan paradigma kritis dan menggunakan metode framing milik Robert Entman. Muted Group Theory digunakan sebagai teori yang menjelaskan fenomena pengaruh ideologi patriarki dan buku Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man dalam romantic relationship. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan pengaruh ideologi patriarki dan adanya dominasi cara berpikir dan bertindak secara maskulin dalam paparan setiab bab buku Act Like a Lady Think Like a Man, meskipun muncul juga paparan feminin – feminin namun ternyata masih terpoles dalam konsep patriarki. Kata Kunci: Dominasi, Maskulin, Patriarki, Gender, Self-Help