Relation of shape of canopy to interception of radiation and yield of wheat

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Dhillon ◽  
D. S. Kler
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
East West

SUMMARYField experiments were made at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 1974–5 to 1978–9 to study the possibility of improving wheat yield by more efficient use of radiant energy through modification of the shape of the canopy under varying levels of fertilizers, irrigation and seed rates. The results showed substantial yield increase by sowing half the seed and fertilizers in one direction and half in rows at right angles, giving a spacing of 22·5 × 22·5 cm, thereby intercepting more light, which showed a significant direct relationship with yield, but there were negative correlations with soil temperature. The increase in row spacing decreased the yield. With 33% extra fertilizer than the local recommendation, sowing the crop in two directions gave 0·96 t/ha (33·4%) higher yield, whereas none of the other sowing methods showed significant increase. Mixing varieties to form a prismatic canopy gave higher yield than the mean of the varieties sown alone. Irrigating the crop more than thrice did not prove beneficial. North-south row direction tended to improve yield compared with east-west rows. Seed rates varying from 50 to 200 kg/ha showed neither significant effect, nor interaction with canopy shape except in 1978–9 when 150 kg seed/ha showed yield improvement over 100 kg/ha.

scholarly journals Effect of mulching, row direction and spacing on microclimate and wheat yield at Ludhiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
L.K. DHALIWAL ◽  
G.S. BUTTAR ◽  
P.K. KINGRA ◽  
SUKHVIR SINGH ◽  
SUKHJEET KAUR
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
East West

The field experiments were conducted in rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at research farm, Ludhiana, Punjab. Wheat variety (WH 1105) was sown in two row directions viz, east-west (E-W) and north-south (N-S) with three row spacing as S1 (15 cm), S2 (22.5 cm) and S3 (30 cm), and two mulching levels viz., Mo (No mulch) and M1 (mulch at the rate of 5t ha-1). PAR interception, canopy temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were recorded periodically during the crop season in all the treatments. The results revealed that the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 4- 5 per cent higher in E-W than N-S row direction which contributed 1.67 q ha-1 higher grain yield. Better utilization of solar radiation was observed in 15.0 cm row spacing and the canopy temperature was 0.5°C higher in unmulched crop as compared to mulched crop during both years. Straw mulching @ 5t ha-1 improved soil moisture and regulated soil temperature. Mean soil temperature was higher (1.0 ºC) under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop. The soil moisture was 4-5 per cent higher under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop which ultimately resulted in higher soil temperature during early growth stages. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded in mulched crop as compared to unmulched.

Seeding Date, Seeding Rate, and Row Spacing Affect Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Cheat (Bromus secalinus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Koscelny ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
John B. Solie ◽  
Stanley G. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Infestation Level ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Bromus Secalinus ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to determine the effects of winter wheat seeding date and cheat infestation level on cultural cheat control obtained by increasing winter wheat seeding rates and decreasing row spacing. Seeding rate and row spacing interactions influenced cheat density, biomass, or seed in harvested wheat (dockage) at two of three locations. Suppressive effects on cheat of increasing wheat seeding rates and reduced row spacings were greater in wheat seeded in September than later. At two other locations, increasing seeding rate from 67 to 101 kg ha–1or reducing row spacings from 22.5 to 15 cm increased winter wheat yield over a range of cheat infestation levels.

Differential Activity of Three Diphenyl Ether Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omosuyi Fadayomi ◽  
G.F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Methyl Benzene

The tolerance of four legume species to nitrofen (2,4-dichloro-phenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether), fluorodifen (p-nitrophenylα,α,α-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether), and oxyfluorofen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitro-phenoxy)-4-(trifluoro-methyl)benzene] was investigated both pre- and postemergence in the greenhouse. Seedlings of species that emerged most rapidly seemed to be most tolerant to preemergence herbicide applications. There was no direct relationship between preemergence and postemergence tolerance. Oxyfluorfen was found to be at least 10 times as active as the other two herbicides both pre- and postemergence. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Indiana to test the effect of method of application on the activity and selectivity of fluorodifen and oxyfluorfen on soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Wayne’] and greenbean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Spartan Arrow’). Crop injury and grass weed control were reduced by incorporation of the herbicides 8 cm deep in a silt loam. Method of application did not affect the activity of the herbicides on a sandy soil low in organic matter. Soybean was more tolerant than greenbean to both herbicides when applied preemergence but oxyfluorfen was far more active than fluorodifen on both crops.

An evaluation of several soil tests for predicting wheat yield response to superphosphate in Victoria

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
JV Mullaly ◽  
JKM Skene ◽  
R Jardine
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Soil Groups

The predictability of three different measures of wheat yield response to superphosphate from each of four soil test measures of available phosphorus (0-6 inches) was examined, using data from field experiments over the period 1951 to 1965. The associations were studied separately within the three great soil groups that are dominant over the wheatgrowing areas of Victoria. Whichever measure of yield response was considered, soil bicarbonate P test measurement gave the best basis for prediction. However, at most, only 26 per cent of the yield response variability was predictable, and the other three tests were substantially less successful. Under the general conditions considered, where yield response is subject to a variety of uncorrected environmental deficiencies, it is concluded that the soil tests for P investigated in this paper are of doubtful practical value.

Effect of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Row Spacing, Seeding Rate, and Cultivar on Yield Loss from Cheat (Bromus secalinus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Koscelny ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
John B. Solie ◽  
Stanley G. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Bromus Secalinus ◽  
Hard Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to determine the effects of row spacing, cultivar, seeding rate, and water or ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer injection in the row at seeding, on the competitiveness of hard red winter wheat with cheat. Decreasing row spacing from 23 to 8 cm increased yield of weed-free wheat at two of three locations and cheat-infested wheat in six of ten experiments. Increasing seeding rate from 265 to 530 seeds m-2increased wheat yield. Injecting water at 20 ml m-1of row at seeding did not increase wheat emergence or yield. Cheat seed production was not consistently suppressed by any one cultivar. Juvenile growth habit was unrelated to wheat competitiveness.

Establishment of perennial pasture grasses under a cover crip in a Mediterranean type environment

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Hoen ◽  
RN Oram
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Grass Establishment ◽  
Autumn And Winter

In a Mediterranean type environment, several cultivars of phalaris and cocksfoot were established successfully in each of three different years under wheat crops sown at 30 or 45 lb an acre. Phalaris was also established under lupins and early-flowering barley, but these crops were less profitable than wheat. Oats suppressed grass establishment more than the other crops. Sowing wheat and grass in alternate rows reduced wheat yield but increased the proportion of grass seeds that produced established plants. It also gave more vigorous growth of the grass plants in the second autumn and winter. Cocksfoot was less sensitive than phalaris to changes in the sowing rate or row spacing of the cover crop. Height, leafiness, or direction of the rows of the wheat cover crop had no effect on the density of grass stands that established. Two experiments indicated that the tendency for wheat to suppress the establishment of undersown grass was due more to competition among the root systems than to competition for light.

Net Returns from Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg G. Justice ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
John B. Solie ◽  
Francis M. Epplin
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Seed Content ◽  
Bromus Secalinus

In field experiments, wheat row spacing, seeding rate, and herbicide treatment affected cheat seed content of harvested wheat, wheat yield, and net returns. No individual practice or combination of practices consistently increased net returns from cheat-infested wheat. Net returns frequently were increased and never decreased by applying metribuzin at 420 g ha−1 or chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 21.9 + 4.4 g ha−1 or by increasing the seeding rate compared to baseline inputs. The data indicate that herbicide rates should not be reduced when row spacing is decreased and/or seeding rates increased.

Break crops and rotations for wheat

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Angus ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
J. R. Hunt ◽  
M. H. Ryan ◽  
L. Ohlander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single Break

Wheat crops usually yield more when grown after another species than when grown after wheat. Quantifying the yield increase and explaining the factors that affect the increase will assist farmers to decide on crop sequences. This review quantifies the yield increase, based on >900 comparisons of wheat growing after a break crop with wheat after wheat. The mean increase in wheat yield varied with species of break crop, ranging from 0.5 t ha–1 after oats to 1.2 t ha–1 after grain legumes. Based on overlapping experiments, the observed ranking of break-crop species in terms of mean yield response of the following wheat crop was: oats < canola ≈ mustard ≈ flax < field peas ≈ faba beans ≈ chickpeas ≈ lentils ≈ lupins. The mean additional wheat yield after oats or oilseed break crops was independent of the yield level of the following wheat crop. The wheat yield response to legume break crops was not clearly independent of yield level and was relatively greater at high yields. The yield of wheat after two successive break crops was 0.1–0.3 t ha–1 greater than after a single break crop. The additional yield of a second wheat crop after a single break crop ranged from 20% of the effect on a first wheat crop after canola, to 60% after legumes. The mean yield effect on a third wheat crop was negligible, except in persistently dry conditions. The variability of the break-crop effect on the yield of a second wheat crop was larger than of a first wheat crop, particularly following canola. We discuss the responses in relation to mechanisms by which break crops affect soil and following crops. By quantifying the magnitude and persistence of break-crop effects, we aim to provide a basis for the decision to grow continuous cereal crops, strategic rotations or tactically selected break crops. In many wheat-growing areas, the large potential yield increases due to break crops are not fully exploited. Research into quantifying the net benefits of break crops, determining the situations where the benefits are greatest, and improving the benefits of break crops promises to improve the efficiency of wheat-based cropping systems.

Net Returns from Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg G. Justice ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
John B. Solie ◽  
Francis M. Epplin
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Better Than

In field experiments at three locations, wheat row spacing, seeding rate, and herbicide treatment affected Italian ryegrass control, wheat yield, dockage in the grain, and net returns. Diclofop at 560 or 840 g ai/ha controlled Italian ryegrass better than chlorsulfuron at 18 or 26 g ai/ha. Net returns were increased at all locations by diclofop POST at either rate and at two locations by chlorsulfuron PRE at either rate. Although increasing the wheat seeding rate reduced dockage at two of three locations, net returns were maximized by herbicide application alone without increased seeding rates or reduced row spacing.

Effect of row spacing and seed/fertilizer placement on agronomic performance of wheat and canola in zero tillage systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Xie ◽  
D. R. S. Rourke ◽  
A. P. Hargrave
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Narrow Row

Field experiments were carried out in Manitoba to investigate the agronomic response of zero till-grown spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) to different row spacing and seed/fertilizer placement treatments. Wheat yield was very poor at 51-cm row spacing in comparison with those at 25- and 38-cm row spacings. Wheat performance between the row spacings of 25- and 38-cm was generally similar, especially coupled with paired-row seed/fertilizer placement; and canola performance tended to be better at 38-cm row spacing relative to 25-cm row spacing. Among three types of seed/fertilizer placement examined, paired-row placement resulted in the best performance in both wheat and canola, whereas crop response to narrow-row and wide-row seed/fertilizer placement varied with year. Therefore, with intensive crop management in zero tillage (ZT) system under the Manitoba conditions, the best crop performance in wheat and canola could be achieved with paired-row seed/fertilizer placement coupled with 25- to 38-cm row spacings. Key words: Yield, yield component, row spacing, seed/fertilizer placement, zero tillage

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